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Airport Passenger Screening Using Backscatter X-Ray Machines - National Materials And Manufacturing Board - Bog - National Academies Press -

Airport Passenger Screening Using Backscatter X-Ray Machines - National Materials And Manufacturing Board - Bog - National Academies Press -

Passenger screening at commercial airports in the United States has gone through significant changes since the events of September 11, 2001. In response to increased concern over terrorist attacks on aircrafts, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has deployed security systems of advanced imaging technology (AIT) to screen passengers at airports. To date (December 2014), TSA has deployed AITs in U.S. airports of two different technologies that use different types of radiation to detect threats: millimeter wave and X-ray backscatter AIT systems. X-ray backscatter AITs were deployed in U.S. airports in 2008 and subsequently removed from all airports by June 2013 due to privacy concerns. TSA is looking to deploy a second-generation X-ray backscatter AIT equipped with privacy software to eliminate production of an image of the person being screened in order to alleviate these concerns. This report reviews previous studies as well as current processes used by the Department of Homeland Security and equipment manufacturers to estimate radiation exposures resulting from backscatter X-ray advanced imaging technology system use in screening air travelers. Airport Passenger Screening Using Backscatter X-Ray Machines examines whether exposures comply with applicable health and safety standards for public and occupational exposures to ionizing radiation and whether system design, operating procedures, and maintenance procedures are appropriate to prevent over exposures of travelers and operators to ionizing radiation. This study aims to address concerns about exposure to radiation from X-ray backscatter AITs raised by Congress, individuals within the scientific community, and others. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Radiation Physics Relevant to Advanced Imaging Technology3 X-Ray Backscatter Advanced Imaging Technology4 Dosimetry for X-Ray Backscatter Advanced Imaging Technology5 Radiation Protection Standards6 Review of X-Ray Backscatter Advanced Imaging Technology Studies7 Measurements, Dose Calculations, and System Design for X-Ray Backscatter Advanced Imaging Technology SystemsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Glossary, Acronyms, and AbbreviationsAppendix C: Organ Absorbed DosesAppendix D: Summary of Statistics from Previous StudiesAppendix E: Biographies of Committee Members and Contractors

DKK 422.00
1

Resident Duty Hours - Committee On Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee Hours And Work Schedules To Improve Patient Safet - Bog - National Academies

Resident Duty Hours - Committee On Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee Hours And Work Schedules To Improve Patient Safet - Bog - National Academies

Examines how the requirements to restrict resident workweeks, including limits to an average of 80 hours over 4 weeks and the consecutive period of work to 30 hours to protect patients and residents from unsafe conditions resulting from excessive fatigue were implemented and their impact on safety, education, and the training institutions.

DKK 422.00
1

A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program - Board On Health Sciences Policy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program - Board On Health Sciences Policy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program provides a broad evaluation of the Title X family planning program since its establishment in 1970. The program successfully provides family planning services to its target audience of low-income individuals, but there is room for improvement. While the program's core goals are apparent, a secondary set of changing priorities has emerged without a clear, evidence-based strategic process. Also, funding for the program has increased in actual dollars, but has not kept pace with inflation or increased costs. Several aspects of the program's structure could be improved to increase the ability of Title X to meet the needs of its target population. At the same time, the extent to which the program meets those needs cannot be assessed without a greater capacity for long-term data collection. A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program recommends several specific steps to enhance the management and improve the quality of the program, as well as to demonstrate its direct contribution to important end results, such as reducing rates of unintended pregnancy, cervical cancer, and infertility. The book will guide the Office of Family Planning toward improving the effectiveness of the program. Other parties who will find the research and recommendations valuable include programs receiving Title X funding from the Office of Family Planning, policy makers, researchers, and professional organizations. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Overview of Family Planning in the United States3 Title X Goals, Priorities, and Accomplishments4 Program Management and Administration5 Collection of Data to Measure Program OutcomesReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Data Sources and MethodsAppendix B: Population Research and Voluntary Family Planning ProgramsAppendix C: Title X Family Planning Program RegulationsAppendix D: Program Guidelines for Project Grants for Family Planning ServicesAppendix E: Family Planning Program Assessment Rating ToolAppendix F: Committee Site VisitsAppendix G: *Family Planning Annual Report* Data ElementsAppendix H Summary of Previous Title X Evaluations and ReviewsAppendix I: Title X and OPA-Funded ResearchAppendix J: Organization, Funding, and Management of the Title X ProgramAppendix K: Measurement of Quality in the Title X Family Planning ProgramAppendix L: Committee and Staff Biographies

DKK 679.00
1

Drug Research and Development for Adults Across the Older Age Span - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Drug Research and Development for Adults Across the Older Age Span - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

There is a void in evidence-based information for making informed decisions on how to optimize care for older adults, particularly those 80 years and over. Because older adults are vastly underrepresented in clinical trials, there is a dearth of information about the appropriate use of drugs in this population. Yet older adults have higher rates of comorbidities and simultaneous use of multiple medications than the general population, and are the majority users of many medications. Additionally, age-related physiological and pathological changes, particularly for adults 80 years of age and older, can lead to significant differences in the pharmacokinetics (PK)2 and pharmacodynamics (PD)3 of a given drug compared to the general population. On August 5 and 6, 2020, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop titled Drug Research and Development for Adults Across the Older Age Span. The workshop was designed to examine the challenges and opportunities in drug research and development for older adult populations, explore barriers that impede safety and efficacy studies in these populations, and share lessons learned for better understanding clinical pharmacology for populations over age 65. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Inclusion of Older Adults in Clinical Trials: An Evolving Landscape3 Overcoming Key Barriers4 Alternative Study Approaches5 Strategies for Engaging Older Adults in Clinical Research6 Clinical Trials in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond7 Reflections and Key TakeawaysAppendix A: ReferencesAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Speaker Biosketches

DKK 266.00
1

Pathways to Urban Sustainability - Committee On Pathways To Urban Sustainability: Challenges And Opportunities - Bog - National Academies Press -

Pathways to Urban Sustainability - Committee On Pathways To Urban Sustainability: Challenges And Opportunities - Bog - National Academies Press -

Cities have experienced an unprecedented rate of growth in the last decade. More than half the world's population lives in urban areas, with the U.S. percentage at 80 percent. Cities have captured more than 80 percent of the globe's economic activity and offered social mobility and economic prosperity to millions by clustering creative, innovative, and educated individuals and organizations. Clustering populations, however, can compound both positive and negative conditions, with many modern urban areas experiencing growing inequality, debility, and environmental degradation. The spread and continued growth of urban areas presents a number of concerns for a sustainable future, particularly if cities cannot adequately address the rise of poverty, hunger, resource consumption, and biodiversity loss in their borders. Intended as a comparative illustration of the types of urban sustainability pathways and subsequent lessons learned existing in urban areas, this study examines specific examples that cut across geographies and scales and that feature a range of urban sustainability challenges and opportunities for collaborative learning across metropolitan regions. It focuses on nine cities across the United States and Canada (Los Angeles, CA, New York City, NY, Philadelphia, PA, Pittsburgh, PA, Grand Rapids, MI, Flint, MI, Cedar Rapids, IA, Chattanooga, TN, and Vancouver, Canada), chosen to represent a variety of metropolitan regions, with consideration given to city size, proximity to coastal and other waterways, susceptibility to hazards, primary industry, and several other factors. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Urban Sustainability Indicators and Metrics3 Principles of Urban Sustainability: A Roadmap for Decision Making4 City Profiles5 A Path Forward: Findings and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Committee on Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities Biographical InformationAppendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability IndicatorsAppendix C: Constraints on the Sustainability of Urban Areas

DKK 422.00
1

Future Roles and Opportunities for the U.S. Geological Survey - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Future Roles and Opportunities for the U.S. Geological Survey - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has adapted to the changing political, economic, and technical state of the nation and the world since it was established in the late nineteenth century. Over a period of more than 120 years, the USGS has evolved from a small group of scientists who collected data and provided guidance on how to parcel, manage, and use the public lands of the West to an agency comprised of thousands of scientists who conduct research and assessment activities on complex scientific issues at scales ranging from the local to the global. The USGS will no doubt continue to evolve and adapt to meet changing national needs. In fact, the recent integration of the National Biological Service and parts of the U.S. Bureau of Mines into the USGS presents an ideal opportunity to examine the agency's vision, mission, role, and scientific opportunities as the organization begins the early years of the twenty-first century. The USGS recognized the need to adapt to changing demands when it asked the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake this study. The NRC formed a multidisciplinary committee of 16 experts to address issues related to the future roles, challenges, and opportunities of the agency.

DKK 292.00
1

In Her Lifetime - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In Her Lifetime - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The relative lack of information on determinants of disease, disability, and death at major stages of a woman's lifespan and the excess morbidity and premature mortality that this engenders has important adverse social and economic ramifications, not only for Sub-Saharan Africa, but also for other regions of the world as well. Women bear much of the weight of world production in both traditional and modern industries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, women contribute approximately 60 to 80 percent of agricultural labor. Worldwide, it is estimated that women are the sole supporters in 18 to 30 percent of all families, and that their financial contribution in the remainder of families is substantial and often crucial. This book provides a solid documentary base that can be used to develop an agenda to guide research and health policy formulation on female health--both for Sub-Saharan Africa and for other regions of the developing world. This book could also help facilitate ongoing, collaboration between African researchers on women's health and their U.S. colleagues. Chapters cover such topics as demographics, nutritional status, obstetric morbidity and mortality, mental health problems, and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.

DKK 500.00
1

Achieving Rural Health Equity and Well-Being - Board On Population Health And Public Health Practice - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Achieving Rural Health Equity and Well-Being - Board On Population Health And Public Health Practice - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Rural counties make up about 80 percent of the land area of the United States, but they contain less than 20 percent of the U.S. population. The relative sparseness of the population in rural areas is one of many factors that influence the health and well-being of rural Americans. Rural areas have histories, economies, and cultures that differ from those of cities and from one rural area to another. Understanding these differences is critical to taking steps to improve health and well-being in rural areas and to reduce health disparities among rural populations. To explore the impacts of economic, demographic, and social issues in rural communities and to learn about asset-based approaches to addressing the associated challenges, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on June 13, 2017. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Potential Challenges and Opportunities in Rural Communities3 Leveraging Resources to Advance Equity in Rural Areas4 Building Greater Prosperity in Rural Communities5 Equitable Access to Health and Health Care6 Final ReflectionsReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches

DKK 409.00
1

The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press -

The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press -

A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the potential to meet TSA goals, it has many limitations. Because of these issues, the government asked the National Research Council to evaluate the potential of PFNA for airport use and compare it with current and future x-ray technology. The results of this survey are presented in "Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security.? A broad range of detection methods and test results are covered in this report. Tests conducted as of October 2000 showed that the PFNA system was unable to meet the stringent federal aviation requirements for explosive detection in air cargo containers. PFNA systems did, however, demonstrate some superior characteristics compared to existing x-ray systems in detecting explosives in cargo containers, though neither system performed entirely satisfactorily. Substantial improvements are needed in the PFNA detection algorithms to allow it to meet aviation detection standards for explosives in cargo and passenger baggage. The PFNA system currently requires a long scan time (an average of 90 minutes per container in the prototype testing in October 2000), needs considerable radiation shielding, is significantly larger than current x-ray systems, and has high implementation costs. These factors are likely to limit installation at airports, even if the detection capability is improved. Nevertheless, because PFNA has the best potential of any known technology for detecting explosives in cargo and luggage, this book discusses how continued research to improve detection capabilities and system design can best be applied for the airport environment.

DKK 305.00
1

Advancing Nutrition and Food Science - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Advancing Nutrition and Food Science - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was convened in 1940 in response to a request from the U.S. National Defense Advisory Commission to the National Academy of Sciences for aid in studying problems of nutrition in the United States. Today the FNB is the focal point for activities concerned with food, nutrition, and food safety, and their roles in health maintenance and disease prevention. Now in its 80th year, the FNB has continued its growth and expanded its reach both domestically and internationally, providing visionary leadership across a range of nutrition and food science issues toward the improvement of human health. In honor of its 80 years of service to the nation, the FNB convened a public symposium to review the origin and history, policy influence, and future directions of the FNB. This publication summarizes the presentations of the event. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Opening Remarks and Perspectives from Leadership3 Keynote Address4 The Food and Nutrition Board's Impact on Nutrition and Science: Domestic and International Perspectives5 New Challenges in Nutrition, Food Science, and Policy6 Participant Discussion: Future Directions for the Food and Nutrition Board7 Perspectives on the Future of the Food and Nutrition BoardReferencesAppendix A: Symposium AgendaAppendix B: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Symposium Speakers and Moderators

DKK 344.00
1

The Future of Nursing - At The Institute Of Medicine Committee On The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative On The Future Of Nursing - Bog -

The Future of Nursing - At The Institute Of Medicine Committee On The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative On The Future Of Nursing - Bog -

The Future of Nursing explores how nurses' roles, responsibilities, and education should change significantly to meet the increased demand for care that will be created by health care reform and to advance improvements in America's increasingly complex health system. At more than 3 million in number, nurses make up the single largest segment of the health care work force. They also spend the greatest amount of time in delivering patient care as a profession. Nurses therefore have valuable insights and unique abilities to contribute as partners with other health care professionals in improving the quality and safety of care as envisioned in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) enacted this year. Nurses should be fully engaged with other health professionals and assume leadership roles in redesigning care in the United States. To ensure its members are well-prepared, the profession should institute residency training for nurses, increase the percentage of nurses who attain a bachelor's degree to 80 percent by 2020, and double the number who pursue doctorates. Furthermore, regulatory and institutional obstacles -- including limits on nurses' scope of practice -- should be removed so that the health system can reap the full benefit of nurses' training, skills, and knowledge in patient care. In this book, the Institute of Medicine makes recommendations for an action-oriented blueprint for the future of nursing.

DKK 526.00
1

How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate? - Roundtable On Health Literacy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate? - Roundtable On Health Literacy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Approximately 80 million adults in the United States have low health literacy - an individual's ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information. Low health literacy creates difficulties in communicating with clinicians, poses barriers in managing chronic illness, lessens the likelihood of receiving preventive care, heightens the possibility of experiencing serious medication errors, increased risk of hospitalization, and results in poorer quality of life. It is important for health care organizations to develop strategies that can improve their health literacy, yet organizations often find it difficult to determine exactly what it means to be health literate. How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate?: Workshop defines a health literate health care organization as "an organization that makes it easier for people to navigate, understand, and use information and services to take care of their health." In November 2011, the IOM Roundtable on Health Literacy held a workshop to discuss the growing recognition that health literacy depends not only on individual skills and abilities but also on the demands and complexities of the health care system. How Can Health Care Organizations Become More Health Literate?: Workshop summarizes the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Attributes of a Health Literate Health Care Organization3 Reaction Panel 14 Reaction Panel 25 Reaction Panel 36 Reaction Panel 47 Reflections on Lessons LearnedAppendix A: The Other Side of the Coin: Attributes of a Health Literate Health Care OrganizationAppendix B: AgendaAppendix C: Speaker Biographical Sketches

DKK 260.00
1

Pathways to Urban Sustainability - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Pathways to Urban Sustainability - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The U.S. population is more than 80 percent urban. Recognizing that many metropolitan areas in the United States have been experimenting with various approaches to sustainability, and that despite the differences among regions, there are likely some core similarities and transferable knowledge, Roundtable members selected the metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia region as a case study. The Atlanta region provided a compelling example for exploring urban sustainability issues because of the region's rapid growth rate, well-documented challenges with water, land use, and transportation; and its level of engagement with federal government agencies on matters related to sustainability. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Lessons from the Atlanta Metropolitan Region: Summary of a Workshop explores the Atlanta region's approach to urban sustainability, with an emphasis on building evidence based foundation upon which policies and programs might be developed. The two day workshop held on September 30 and October 1, 2010 examined how the interaction of various systems (natural and human systems; energy, water and transportations systems) affect the region's social, economic, and environmental conditions. The intent of this workshop summary is to analyze a metropolitan region so that researchers and practitioners can improve their understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of urban sustainability. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 INTRODUCTION2 REFRAMING THE PROBLEM3 KNOWLEDGE GAPS, NEW MARKETS, AND POLITICAL WILL4 INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY5 INSTITUTIONALIZING SUSTAINABILITY6 PATHWAYS FORWARDREFERENCESAppendix A: WORKSHOP AGENDAAppendix B: REGISTERED PARTICIPANTS LISTAppendix C: ROUNDTABLE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABILITY

DKK 169.00
1

Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

For an unknown reason, the Steller sea lion population in Alaska has declined by 80% over the past three decades. In 2001, the National Research Council began a study to assess the many hypotheses proposed to explain the sea lion decline including insufficient food due to fishing or the late 1970s climate/regime shift, a disease epidemic, pollution, illegal shooting, subsistence harvest, and predation by killer whales or sharks. The report's analysis indicates that the population decline cannot be explained only by a decreased availability of food; hence other factors, such as predation and illegal shooting, deserve further study. The report recommends a management strategy that could help determine the impact of fisheries on sea lion survival—establishing open and closed fishing areas around sea lion rookeries. This strategy would allow researchers to study sea lions in relatively controlled, contrasting environments. Experimental area closures will help fill some short-term data gaps, but long-term monitoring will be required to understand why sea lions are at a fraction of their former abundance. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. Introduction2. The Environmental Setting3. Identifying Clues and Testing Hypotheses4. Review of Steller Sea Lion Biology5. Fisheries6. Steller Sea Lion Decline: Environmental Context and Compendium of Evidence7. Information Needs and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Committee and Staff BiographiesAppendix B: AcronymsAppendix C: GlossaryAppendix D: Early Account of Steller Sea LionsAppendix E: Federal Funding SummaryAppendix F: Meeting AgendasAppendix G: National Research Council Project Oversight BoardsAppendix H: Guide to the Common and Scientific Names of Marine Mammal, Fish, Invertebrate, and Bird Species

DKK 448.00
1

The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States - Board On Agriculture And Natural Resources - Bog - National

The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States - Board On Agriculture And Natural Resources - Bog - National

Since genetically engineered (GE) crops were introduced in 1996, their use in the United States has grown rapidly, accounting for 80-90 percent of soybean, corn, and cotton acreage in 2009. To date, crops with traits that provide resistance to some herbicides and to specific insect pests have benefited adopting farmers by reducing crop losses to insect damage, by increasing flexibility in time management, and by facilitating the use of more environmentally friendly pesticides and tillage practices. However, excessive reliance on a single technology combined with a lack of diverse farming practices could undermine the economic and environmental gains from these GE crops. Other challenges could hinder the application of the technology to a broader spectrum of crops and uses. Several reports from the National Research Council have addressed the effects of GE crops on the environment and on human health. However, The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States is the first comprehensive assessment of the environmental, economic, and social impacts of the GE-crop revolution on U.S. farms. It addresses how GE crops have affected U.S. farmers, both adopters and nonadopters of the technology, their incomes, agronomic practices, production decisions, environmental resources, and personal well-being. The book offers several new findings and four recommendations that could be useful to farmers, industry, science organizations, policy makers, and others in government agencies. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Environmental Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops at the Farm Level3 Farm-Level Economic Impacts4 Farm-System Dynamics and Social Impacts of Genetic Engineering5 Key Findings, Remaining Challenges, and Future OpportunitiesAppendix A: Herbicide SelectionAppendix B: Tillage SystemsAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

DKK 409.00
1

Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities - Board On Infrastructure And The Constructed Environment - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities - Board On Infrastructure And The Constructed Environment - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The design, construction, operation, and retrofit of buildings is evolving in response to ever-increasing knowledge about the impact of indoor environments on people and the impact of buildings on the environment. Research has shown that the quality of indoor environments can affect the health, safety, and productivity of the people who occupy them. Buildings are also resource intensive, accounting for 40 percent of primary energy use in the United States, 12 percent of water consumption, and 60 percent of all non-industrial waste. The processes for producing electricity at power plants and delivering it for use in buildings account for 40 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. federal government manages approximately 429,000 buildings of many types with a total square footage of 3.34 billion worldwide, of which about 80 percent is owned space. More than 30 individual departments and agencies are responsible for managing these buildings. The characteristics of each agency's portfolio of facilities are determined by its mission and its programs. In 2010, GSA's Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings asked the National Academies to appoint an ad hoc committee of experts to conduct a public workshop and prepare a report that identified strategies and approaches for achieving a range of objectives associated with high-performance green federal buildings. Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities identifies examples of important initiatives taking place and available resources. The report explores how these examples could be used to help make sustainability the preferred choice at all levels of decision making. Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities can serve as a valuable guide federal agencies with differing missions, types of facilities, and operating procedures.

DKK 260.00
1

Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites - Committee On Future Options For Management In The Nation's Subsurface

Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites - Committee On Future Options For Management In The Nation's Subsurface

Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Magnitude of the Problem3 Remedial Objectives, Remedy Selection, and Site Closure4 Current Capabilities to Remove or Contain Contamination5 Implications of Contamination Remaining in Place6 Technology Development to Support Long-Term Management of Complex Sites7 Better Decision Making During the Long-Term Management of Complex Groundwater Contamination SitesAcronymsAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix B: Complex Site ListAppendix C: Analysis of 80 Facilities with Contaminated Groundwater Deleted from the National Priorities List

DKK 474.00
1

Caring for People with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders in Primary Care Settings - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies

Caring for People with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders in Primary Care Settings - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies

Behavioral health conditions, which include mental health and substance use disorders, affect approximately 20 percent of Americans. Of those with a substance use disorder, approximately 60 percent also have a mental health disorder. As many as 80 percent of patients with behavioral health conditions seek treatment in emergency rooms and primary care clinics, and between 60 and 70 percent of them are discharged without receiving behavioral health care services. More than two-thirds of primary care providers report that they are unable to connect patients with behavioral health providers because of a shortage of mental health providers and health insurance barriers. Part of the explanation for the lack of access to care lies in a historical legacy of discrimination and stigma that makes people reluctant to seek help and also led to segregated and inhumane services for those facing mental health and substance use disorders. In an effort to understanding the challenges and opportunities of providing essential components of care for people with mental health and substance use disorders in primary care settings, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders convened three webinars held on June 3, July 29, and August 26, 2020. The webinars addressed efforts to define essential components of care for people with mental health and substance use disorders in the primary care setting for depression, alcohol use disorders, and opioid use disorders; opportunities to build the health care workforce and delivery models that incorporate those essential components of care; and financial incentives and payment structures to support the implementation of those care models, including value-based payment strategies and practice-level incentives. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the webinars. Table of ContentsFront MatterProceedings of a WorkshopAppendix A: Workshop Statement of TaskAppendix B: Virtual Workshop Agenda

DKK 344.00
1

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information for Decision Making - Committee On Development Of A Framework For Evaluating Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information for Decision Making - Committee On Development Of A Framework For Evaluating Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Climate change, driven by increases in human-produced greenhouse gases and particles (collectively referred to as GHGs), is the most serious environmental issue facing society. The need to reduce GHGs has become urgent as heat waves, heavy rain events, and other impacts of climate change have become more frequent and severe. Since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, more than 136 countries, accounting for about 80% of total global GHG emissions, have committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. A growing number of cities, regional governments, and industries have also made pledges to reduce emissions. Providing decision makers with useful, accurate, and trusted GHG emissions information is a crucial part of this effort. This report examines existing and emerging approaches used to generate and evaluate GHG emissions information at global to local scales. The report develops a framework for evaluating GHG emissions information to support and guide policy makers about its use in decision making. The framework identifies six criteria or pillars that can be used to evaluate and improve GHG emissions information: usability and timeliness, information transparency, evaluation and validation, completeness, inclusivity, and communication. The report recommends creating a coordinated repository or clearinghouse to operationalize the six pillars, for example, by providing timely, transparent, traceable information; standardized data formats; and governance mechanisms that are coordinated, trusted, and inclusive of the global community. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Current Approaches for Quantifying Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions3 Structural and Technical Limitations of the Current Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information Landscape4 Framework for Evaluating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information5 RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Acronyms, Initialisms, and GlossaryAppendix B: Atmospheric Observations: Methods and ExamplesAppendix C: Contributors of Input to the StudyAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix E: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest

DKK 247.00
1

Plasma Science - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Plasma Science - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Plasma Science and Engineering transforms fundamental scientific research into powerful societal applications, from materials processing and healthcare to forecasting space weather. Plasma Science: Enabling Technology, Sustainability, Security and Exploration discusses the importance of plasma research, identifies important grand challenges for the next decade, and makes recommendations on funding and workforce. This publication will help federal agencies, policymakers, and academic leadership understand the importance of plasma research and make informed decisions about plasma science funding, workforce, and research directions. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Plasma Science: Enabling Technology, Sustainability, Security, and Exploration2 The Foundations of Plasma Science3 Laser-Plasma Interactions: Compact Particle Accelerators, New Optics, and Brilliant X-Ray Sources4 Extreme States of Plasmas: High-Energy Density Systems5 Low-Temperature Plasmas: A Unique State of Matter for Addressing Societal Needs6 Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy: Bringing Stars to Earth7 The Cosmic Plasma FrontierAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Summary of Findings and RecommendationsAppendix C: Survey Data-Gathering EventsAppendix D: Committee Member Biographical InformationAppendix E: Acronyms

DKK 656.00
1

Pathways to Urban Sustainability - Committee On The Challenge Of Developing Sustainable Urban Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Pathways to Urban Sustainability - Committee On The Challenge Of Developing Sustainable Urban Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

More than half of the world's people now live in cities. In the United States, the figure is 80 percent. It is worthwhile to consider how this trend of increased urbanization, if inevitable, could be made more sustainable. One fundamental shortcoming of urban research and programs is that they sometimes fail to recognize urban areas as systems. Current institutions and actors are not accustomed to exploring human-environment interactions, particularly at an urban-scale. The fact is that these issues involve complex interactions, many of which are not yet fully understood. Thus a key challenge for the 21st century is this: How can we develop sustainable urban systems that provide healthy, safe and affordable environments for the growing number of Americans living in cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas? To address this question, the National Research Council organized a workshop exploring the landscape of urban sustainability research programs in the United States. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to allow participants to share information about the activities and planning efforts of federal agencies, along with related initiatives by universities, the private sector, nongovernmental groups, state and local agencies, and international organizations. Participants were encouraged to explore how urban sustainability can move beyond analyses devoted to single disciplines and sectors to systems-level thinking and effective interagency cooperation. To do this, participants examined areas of potential coordination among different R&D programs, with special consideration given to how the efforts of federal agencies can best complement and leverage the efforts of other key stakeholders. Pathways to Urban Sustainability offers a broad contextual summary of workshop presentations and discussions for distribution to federal agencies, regional organizations, academic institutions, think tanks and other groups engaged in urban research. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Developing Livable Urban Areas3 Resilience and Adaptation4 Models, Metrics, and Future Scenarios5 Moving R&D into Practice6 R&D Gaps and OpportunitiesReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Registered ParticipantsAppendix C: Roundtable Roster Appendix D: Notable Examples of Urban Sustainability R&D Programs

DKK 286.00
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Mental Health, Substance Use, and Wellbeing in Higher Education - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Mental Health, Substance Use, and Wellbeing in Higher Education - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Student wellbeing is foundational to academic success. One recent survey of postsecondary educators found that nearly 80 percent believed emotional wellbeing is a "very" or "extremely" important factor in student success. Studies have found the dropout rates for students with a diagnosed mental health problem range from 43 percent to as high as 86 percent. While dealing with stress is a normal part of life, for some students, stress can adversely affect their physical, emotional, and psychological health, particularly given that adolescence and early adulthood are when most mental illnesses are first manifested. In addition to students who may develop mental health challenges during their time in postsecondary education, many students arrive on campus with a mental health problem or having experienced significant trauma in their lives, which can also negatively affect physical, emotional, and psychological wellbeing. The nation's institutions of higher education are seeing increasing levels of mental illness, substance use and other forms of emotional distress among their students. Some of the problematic trends have been ongoing for decades. Some have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic consequences. Some are the result of long-festering systemic racism in almost every sphere of American life that are becoming more widely acknowledged throughout society and must, at last, be addressed. Mental Health, Substance Use, and Wellbeing in Higher Education lays out a variety of possible strategies and approaches to meet increasing demand for mental health and substance use services, based on the available evidence on the nature of the issues and what works in various situations. The recommendations of this report will support the delivery of mental health and wellness services by the nation's institutions of higher education. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Mental Health, Substance Use, and Wellbeing in Higher Education in the United States3 Environments to Support Wellbeing for All Students4 Clinical Mental Health and Substance Use Services for Students in Higher Education5 Moving Forward6 A Research AgendaReferencesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Minority Serving InstitutionsAppendix C: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix D: The Rate of Student Death from Suicide from the Big Ten Counseling Centers: 2009-2018

DKK 370.00
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Preventing Violence Against Women and Children - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Preventing Violence Against Women and Children - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Violence against women and children is a serious public health concern, with costs at multiple levels of society. Although violence is a threat to everyone, women and children are particularly susceptible to victimization because they often have fewer rights or lack appropriate means of protection. In some societies certain types of violence are deemed socially or legally acceptable, thereby contributing further to the risk to women and children. In the past decade research has documented the growing magnitude of such violence, but gaps in the data still remain. Victims of violence of any type fear stigmatization or societal condemnation and thus often hesitate to report crimes. The issue is compounded by the fact that for women and children the perpetrators are often people they know and because some countries lack laws or regulations protecting victims. Some of the data that have been collected suggest that rates of violence against women range from 15 to 71 percent in some countries and that rates of violence against children top 80 percent. These data demonstrate that violence poses a high burden on global health and that violence against women and children is common and universal. Preventing Violence Against Women and Children focuses on these elements of the cycle as they relate to interrupting this transmission of violence. Intervention strategies include preventing violence before it starts as well as preventing recurrence, preventing adverse effects (such as trauma or the consequences of trauma), and preventing the spread of violence to the next generation or social level. Successful strategies consider the context of the violence, such as family, school, community, national, or regional settings, in order to determine the best programs. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 IntroductionPart I: Workshop Overview2 The Co-Occurrence of Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence3 Paradigm Shifts and Changing Social Norms in Violence Prevention4 The State of Prevention Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries5 Violence Prevention Among Multiple SectorsPart II: Papers and Commentary from Workshop Speakers6 Papers on Research in Preventing Violence Against Women and Children7 Papers on Global Partnerships and Government Initiatives8 Papers on Preventive InterventionsAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Planning Committee Biographical SketchesAppendix D: Forum Member Biographical Sketches

DKK 344.00
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