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Improving Risk Communication P - - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Strengthening Data Science Methods for Department of Defense Personnel and Readiness Missions - Committee On Strengthening Data Science Methods For

Strengthening Data Science Methods for Department of Defense Personnel and Readiness Missions - Committee On Strengthening Data Science Methods For

The Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel & Readiness), referred to throughout this report as P&R, is responsible for the total force management of all Department of Defense (DoD) components including the recruitment, readiness, and retention of personnel. Its work and policies are supported by a number of organizations both within DoD, including the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), and externally, including the federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) that work for DoD. P&R must be able to answer questions for the Secretary of Defense such as how to recruit people with an aptitude for and interest in various specialties and along particular career tracks and how to assess on an ongoing basis service members' career satisfaction and their ability to meet new challenges. P&R must also address larger-scale questions, such as how the current realignment of forces to the Asia-Pacific area and other regions will affect recruitment, readiness, and retention. While DoD makes use of large-scale data and mathematical analysis in intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and elsewhere—exploiting techniques such as complex network analysis, machine learning, streaming social media analysis, and anomaly detection—these skills and capabilities have not been applied as well to the personnel and readiness enterprise. Strengthening Data Science Methods for Department of Defense Personnel and Readiness Missions offers and roadmap and implementation plan for the integration of data analysis in support of decisions within the purview of P&R. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Overview of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel & Readiness)3 Personnel and Readiness Data and Their Use4 Overview of Data Science Methods5 Privacy and Confidentiality6 Commercial State of the Art in Human Resources Analytics7 Identifying P&R Opportunities and Implementing SolutionsAppendixesAppendix A: AcronymsAppendix B: Biographies of the CommitteeAppendix C: Meetings and PresentationsAppendix D: Stochastic Models of Uncertainty and Mathematical Optimization Under Uncertainty

DKK 318.00
1

The Role of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships in the Future of USAID - Security Development - Bog - National Academies Press -

The Role of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships in the Future of USAID - Security Development - Bog - National Academies Press -

The United States has long recognized that the nation's prosperity and security depend on how we address challenges of disasters, poverty, famine, and disease around the world. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has played a vital role in promoting U.S. national and international interests by advancing strategies for employing science, technology, and innovation to respond to global challenges. The focus by USAID on science, technology, and innovation is critical to improve development outcomes. At the core of this progress is the engagement of science institutions and other innovative enterprises and their commitment to work in partnership with USAID to research, test, and scale solutions. The Role of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships in the Future of USAID provides an assessment and advice on the current and future role for science, technology, and innovation in assistance programs at USAID and on the role of partnerships in the public and private sectors to expand impact. This report examines challenges and opportunities for USAID in expanding the utilization of science, technology, and innovation in development assistance; assesses how USAID has deployed science, technology, and innovation; and recommends priority areas for improvement going forward in partnership with others. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction: New Horizons for Science, Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships in Development2 Global Context for STI P in Development3 U.S. Government STI Policies and Strategies4 USAID Program Cycle and STI P: Planning5 USAID Program Cycle and STI P: Project Design and Implementation6 USAID Program Cycle and STI P: Monitoring and Evaluation7 Strategic Opportunities for STI P8 Integrating STI P into USAID Operations9 Conclusions and RecommendationsAbbreviations and AcronymsAPPENDIXESAppendix A: Organizational Chart for USAIDAppendix B: Committee Member BiographiesAppendix C: Committee Meeting Agendas Appendix D: Speakers and Presenters

DKK 364.00
1

Memorial Tributes - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Memorial Tributes - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This is the twenty-third volume in the series of Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Table of ContentsFront MatterWILLIAM G. AGNEWJOSEPH A. AHEARNTHOMAS R. ANTHONYEARL E. BAKKENVITELMO V. BERTEROGERRIT A. BLAAUWWALTER L. BROWNLEROY L. CHANGJACK V. CHRISTIANSENRICHARD J. COARKEITH H. COATSL. ERIC CROSSRALPH L. DISNEYREX A. ELDERROBERT R. EVERETTTHOMAS V. FALKIEPETER T. FLAWNYUAN-CHENG B. FUNGHCTOR GARCA-MOLINADONALD P. GAVER JR. BARRIE GILBERTSOLOMON W. GOLOMBMARY L. GOODROBERT K. GRASSELLIDONALD P. HEARTHLEE IACOCCAJAMES R. JOHNSONGEORGE E. KELLER IICHRISTOPHER C. KRAFT JR. WILLIAM W. LANGJAMES U. LEMKEJAMES D. LIVINGSTONRICHARD H. LYONRICHARD H. MacNEALALFRED E. MANNGEORGE K. MUELLNERROBERT M. NEREMROBERT E. NICKELLKARL H. NORRISDONALD W. PEACEMANEMIL PFENDERSUBBIAH RAMALINGAMERIC H. REICHLWALTER L. ROBBJOSEPH C. SALAMONERICHARD SCHERRERWARREN G. SCHLINGERLUCIEN A. SCHMIT JR. PETER G. SIMPKINSRAYMOND E. SMALLMANJAMES J. SPILKER JR. GARY K. STARKWEATHERROBERT M. STEINJAMES S. THORPWILLIAM F. TINNEYJAMES E. VAN NESSARTHUR F. VEINOTT JR. ANESTIS S . VELETSOSJOHN F. WELCH JR. HERBERT H. WOODSONRICHARD N. WRIGHTAPPENDIX

DKK 617.00
1

Memorial Tributes - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Memorial Tributes - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This is the twenty-fifth volume in the Memorial Tributes series compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and international members. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who have personal knowledge of the interests and engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Table of ContentsFront MatterJAN D. ACHENBACHISAMU AKASAKICLARENCE R. ALLENARTHUR G. ANDERSONSTEPHEN D. BECHTEL J R . DAVID T. BLACKSTOCKNED H. BURNSMAX W. CARBONCHUN-YEN CHANGHSIEN K. CHENGMALCOLM R. CURRIEC. CHAPIN CUTLERJOHN E. DOLANDAVID A. DUKEPETER S. EAGLESONDEAN E. EASTMANROBERT W. FARQUHARHANS K. FAUSKEJOHN E. FFOWCS WILLIAMSFRANCIS B. FRANCOISWILLIAM L. FRIENDSHUN CHONG FUNGRICHARD J. GAMBINOCHARLES M. GESCHKEEARNEST F. GLOYNAWILLIAM E. GORDONKARL A. GSCHNEIDNER JR. WILLIAM J. HALLDELON HAMPTONWILLIAM R. HEWLETTGERALD D. HINESTATSUO ITOHSTEPHEN C. JACOBSENDAVID JENKINSSTEVEN P. JOBSANGEL G. JORDANJACK L. KERREBROCKJUSTIN E. KERWINMAKOTO KIKUCHI (???)ROBERT M. KOERNERPRABHA S. KUNDURSAU-HAI LAMT. WILLIAM LAMBELOUIS LANDWEBERGERALD J. LIEBERMANKUO-NAN LIOURAYMOND C. LOEHRTSO-PING MAJOHN C. MARTINJYOTIRMOY MAZUMDERRODDAM NARASIMHAROBERTA J. NICHOLSJAMES J. O'BRIENHAROLD W. PAXTONDENNIS J. PICARDDELLA M. ROYROBERT E. SCHAFRIK SR. FRANK J. SCHUHGEORGE W. SUTTONJOHANNES WEERTMANJULIA R. WEERTMANROBERT J. WEIMERPETER WHITTLESHELDON M. WIEDERHORNJ. ERNEST WILKINS JR. EUGENE P. WILKINSONJOHN J. WISEAPPENDIX

DKK 747.00
1

Safe and Effective Medicines for Children - Committee On Pediatric Studies Conducted Under The Best Pharmaceuticals For Children Act And The P - Bog -

The Chemistry of Microbiomes - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Chemistry of Microbiomes - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystems—earth, marine, and human—and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Illuminating the Microbial Dark Matter Beneath Your Feet: Microbial Catalysis in the Terrestrial Subsurface - Kelly C. Wrighton, Rebecca A. Daly, and Michael J. Wilkins3 Life in High-Temperature Environments: Modern-Day Analogs of Early Earth Still Relevant Today - William P. Inskeep4 Advancing Our Understanding of the Chemistry of Soil Microbiomes - Trent R. Northen, Zheyun Zhang, Jian Gao, Tami Swenson, and Yasuo Yoshikuni5 Envisioning a Chemical Metaproteomics Capability for Biochemical Research and Diagnosis of Global Ocean Microbiomes - Mak A. Saito, Chip Breier, Mike Jakuba, Matthew McIlvin, and Dawn Moran6 Chemical Ecology: The Language of Microbiomes - Mark E. Hay, Deanna S. Beatty, and Frank J. Stewart7 Organic Nutrient Chemistry and the Marine Microbiome - Daniel J. Repeta and Rene M. Boiteau 8 Digitizing the Chemistry Associated with Microbes: Importance, Current Status, and Opportunities - Pieter C. Dorrestein9 Deciphering the Chemistry of the Human Gut Microbiome - Emily P. Balskus10 Engineering the Microbiome for Human Health Applications - Timothy K. Lu, Mark Mimee, Robert J. Citorik, and Karen Pepper11 Talking with Molecules: Marine Bacteria and Microalgae - Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost12 Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling and Its Application to Microbial Communities - Jennifer L. Reed13 Epilogue After the Panel DiscussionsAppendix A: Seminars AgendasAppendix B: Biographic Sketches of Seminars Planning Committee and Seminars SpeakersAppendix C: Seminars Attendees

DKK 364.00
1

Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Individually and collectively, resident microbes play important roles in host health and survival. Shaping and shaped by their host environments, these microorganisms form intricate communities that are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This ecologic and dynamic view of host-microbe interactions is rapidly redefining our view of health and disease. It is now accepted that the vast majority of microbes are, for the most part, not intrinsically harmful, but rather become established as persistent, co-adapted colonists in equilibrium with their environment, providing useful goods and services to their hosts while deriving benefits from these host associations. Disruption of such alliances may have consequences for host health, and investigations in a wide variety of organisms have begun to illuminate the complex and dynamic network of interaction - across the spectrum of hosts, microbes, and environmental niches - that influence the formation, function, and stability of host-associated microbial communities. Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats in March 2013 to explore the scientific and therapeutic implications of microbial ecology in states of health and disease. Participants explored host-microbe interactions in humans, animals, and plants; emerging insights into how microbes may influence the development and maintenance of states of health and disease; the effects of environmental change(s) on the formation, function, and stability of microbial communities; and research challenges and opportunities for this emerging field of inquiry. Table of ContentsFront MatterWorkshop OverviewA1 Effector and memory T cell responses to commensal bacteria--Yasmine Belkaid, Nicolas Bouladoux, and Timothy W. HandA2 What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota?--Martin J. Blaser and Stanley FalkowA3 Pathways in microbe-induced obesity--Laura M. Cox and Martin J. BlaserA4 Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T Cell function--Torsten Olszak, Dingding An, Sebastian Zeissig, Miguel Penilla Vera, Julia Richter, Andre Franke, Jonathan N. Glickman, Reiner Siebert, Rebecca M. Barron, Dennis L. Kasper, and Richard S. BlumbergA5 The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome--Elizabeth K. Costello, Keaton Stagaman, Les Dethlefsen, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, and David A. RelmanA6 Seasonal restructuring of the ground squirrel gutmicrobiota over the annual hibernation cycle--Hannah V. Carey, William A. Walters, and Rob KnightA7 Lessons from studying insect symbioses--Angela E. DouglasA8 A new vision of immunity: homeostasis of the superorganism--Grard EberlA9 Host defense and immunomodulation of mucosal candidiasis--Paul L. Fidel, Jr., and Mairi C. NoverrA10 Microbiota-targeted therapies: An ecological perspective--Katherine P. Lemon, Gary C. Armitage, David A. Relman, and Michael FischbachA11 Community ecology and the vaginal microbiome--Larry J. Forney and Jacques RavelA12 Investigating bacterial-animal symbioses with light sheet microscopy--Michael J. Taormina, Matthew Jemielita, W. Zac Stephens, Adam R. Burns, Joshua V. Troll, Raghuveer Parthasarathy, and Karen GuilleminA13 Clinical application of fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection and beyond--Josbert J. Keller and Els van NoodA14 Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: Mechanisms and implications--Daniel Garrido, David C. Dallas, and David A. MillsA15 Bacteriophage adhering to mucus providea nonhost-derived immunity--Jeremy J. Barr, Rita Auro, Mike Furlan, Katrine L. Whiteson, Marcella L. Erb, Joe Pogliano, Aleksandr Stotland, Roland Wolkowicz, Andrew S. Cutting, Kelly S. Doran, Peter Salamon, Merry Youle, and Forest RohwerA16 Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin--Keisha Findley, Julia Oh, Joy Yang, Sean Conlan, Clayton Deming, Jennifer A. Meyer, Deborah Schoenfeld, Effie Nomicos, Morgan Park, NIH Intramural Sequencing Center Comparative Sequencing Program, Heidi H. Kong, and Julia A. SegreA17 Distinct microbial communities within the endosphere and rhizosphere of Populus deltoides roots across contrasting soil types--Neil R. Gottel, Hector F. Castro, Marilyn Kerley, Zamin Yang, Dale A. Pelletier, Mircea Podar, Tatiana Karpinets, Ed Uberbacher, Gerald A. Tuskan, Rytas Vilgalys, Mitchel J. Doktycz, and Christopher W. SchadtA18 Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis--Iliyan D. Iliev, Vincent A. Funari, Kent D. Taylor, Quoclinh Nguyen, Christopher N. Reyes, Samuel P. Strom, Jordan Brown, Courtney A. Becker, Phillip R. Fleshner, Marla Dubinsky, Jerome I. Rotter, Hanlin L. Wang, Dermot P. B. McGovern, Gordon D. Brown, and David M. UnderhillA19 Metagenomics and personalized medicine--Herbert W. Virgin and John A. ToddA20 From

DKK 507.00
1

Veterans and Agent Orange - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Veterans and Agent Orange - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

From 1962 to 1971, US military forces sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that helped conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that enemy forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the majority of the herbicides sprayed. Agent Orange was a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, one form of dioxin) was an unintended contaminant from the production of 2,4,5-T and was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. In 1991, because of continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects on Vietnam veterans of the herbicides sprayed, Congress passed Public Law 102-4, the Agent Orange Act of 1991. In response to the request from the VA, IOM extended the service of the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides that was responsible for Update 2002 to address the question of presumptive period and respiratory cancer. The charge to the committee was to undertake a review and evaluation of the evidence regarding the period between cessation of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and their contaminants (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and its contaminant TCDD, cacodylic acid, and picloram) and the occurrence of respiratory cancer.

DKK 208.00
1

Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases – including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague – together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront MatterWorkshop OverviewA1 - Emerging Insect-Transmitted Plant Diseases: The Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa as a Case Study - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida and L. Nunney A2 - Genetic Control of Aedes Mosquitoes - Luke Alphey, Andrew McKemey, Derric Nimmo, Marco Neira Oviedo, Renaud Lacroix, Kelly Matzen, and Camilla Beech A3 - The Intensifying Storm: Domestication of Aedes aegypti, Urbanization of Arboviruses, and Emerging Insecticide Resistance - Barry J. Beaty, William C. Black IV, Lars Eisen, Adriana E. Flores, Julin E. Garca-Rejn, Mara Loroo-Pino, and Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez A4 - Dengue, Chikungunya, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs): Surveillance and Response in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Role of the Pan American Health Organization - Luis Gerardo Castellanos A5 - Vector-Borne Diseases: Animals and Patterns - Margot Stuchin, Catherine C. Machalaba, William B. Karesh A6 - Drivers, Dynamics, and Control of Emerging Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases - A. Marm Kilpatrick and Sarah E. Randolph A7 - Climate Teleconnections, Weather Extremes, and Vector-Borne Disease Outbreaks - Kenneth J. Linthicum, Assaf Anyamba, Seth C. Britch, Jennifer L. Small, and Compton J. Tucker A8 - Changing Paradigms for Tick-Borne Diseases in the Americas - Christopher D. Paddock, Robert S. Lane, J. Erin Staples, and Marcelo B. Labruna A9 - Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases in the United States: What Is Next, and Are We Prepared? - Lyle R. Petersen, Roger S. Nasci, Charles B. Beard, and Robert F. Massung A10 - Arbovirus Evolution, Vector Competence, and Virulence Models - Changing Patterns of Infection - Corey W. Hecksel and Rebecca Rico-Hesse A11 - Vector-Borne Disease Emergence and Spread in the European Union - Jan C. Semenza A12 - Disruption of Insect Transmission of Plant Viruses, - Anna E. Whitfield and Dorith Rotenberg Appendix B: AgendaAppendix C: AcronymsAppendix D: GlossaryAppendix E: Speaker Biographies

DKK 474.00
1

Reducing Construction Costs - Federal Facilities Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Reducing Construction Costs - Federal Facilities Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The National Academy of Construction (NAC) has determined that disputes, and their accompanying inefficiencies and costs, constitute a significant problem for the industry. In 2002, the NAC assessed the industry's progress in attacking this problem and determined that although the tools, techniques, and processes for preventing and efficiently resolving disputes are already in place, they are not being widely used. In 2003, the NAC helped to persuade the Center for Construction Industry Studies (CCIS) at the University of Texas and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to finance and conduct empirical research to develop accurate information about the relative transaction costs of various forms of dispute resolution. In 2004 the NAC teamed with the Federal Facilities Council (FFC) of the National Research Council to sponsor the "Government/Industry Forum on Reducing Construction Costs: Uses of Best Dispute Resolution Practices by Project Owners." The forum was held on September 23, 2004, at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. Speakers and panelists at the forum addressed several topics. Reducing Construction Costs addresses topics such as the root causes of disputes and the impact of disputes on project costs and the economics of the construction industry. A second topic addressed was dispute resolution tools and techniques for preventing, managing, and resolving construction- related disputes. This report documents examples of successful uses of dispute resolution tools and techniques on some high-profile projects, and also provides ways to encourage greater use of dispute resolution tools throughout the industry. This report addresses steps that owners of construction projects (who have the greatest ability to influence how their projects are conducted) should take in order to make their projects more successful.

DKK 188.00
1

NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities - Aeronautics And Space Engineering Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities - Aeronautics And Space Engineering Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) has begun to rebuild the advanced space technology program in the agency with plans laid out in 14 draft technology roadmaps. It has been years since NASA has had a vigorous, broad-based program in advanced space technology development and its technology base has been largely depleted. However, success in executing future NASA space missions will depend on advanced technology developments that should already be underway. Reaching out to involve the external technical community, the National Research Council (NRC) considered the 14 draft technology roadmaps prepared by OCT and ranked the top technical challenges and highest priority technologies that NASA should emphasize in the next 5 years. This report provides specific guidance and recommendations on how the effectiveness of the technology development program managed by OCT can be enhanced in the face of scarce resources. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Top Technical Challenges and High-Priority Technologies by Roadmap3 Integrated Ranking of Top Technical Challenges and High-Priority Technologies4 Observations and General ThemesAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Revised Technology Area Breakdown StructureAppendix C: AcronymsAppendix D: TA01 Launch Propulsion SystemsAppendix E: TA02 In-Space Propulsion TechnologiesAppendix F: TA03 Space Power and Energy StorageAppendix G: TA04 Robotics, Tele-Robotics, and Autonomous SystemsAppendix H: TA05 Communication and NavigationAppendix I: TA06 Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation SystemsAppendix J: TA07 Human Exploration Destination SystemsAppendix K: TA08 Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor SystemsAppendix L: TA09 Entry, Descent, and Landing SystemsAppendix M: TA10 NanotechnologyAppendix N: TA11 Modeling, Simulation, and Information Technology and ProcessingAppendix O: TA12 Materials, Structures, Mechanical Systems, and ManufacturingAppendix P: TA13 Ground and Launch Systems ProcessingAppendix Q: TA14 Thermal Management SystemsAppendix R: Steering Committee, Panel, and Staff Biographical Information

DKK 260.00
1

Veterans and Agent Orange - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Veterans and Agent Orange - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) examines peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between various health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published between September 30, 2014, and December 31, 2017, and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Background3 Evaluation of the Evidence Base4 Biologic Mechanisms5 Background on Selected Epidemiologic Studies and Populations6 Immune System Disorders7 Cancer8 Reproductive Health Effects and Effects on Descendants9 Neurologic Disorders10 Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders11 Other Chronic Health Outcomes12 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Public Meeting AgendasAppendix B: Committee and Staff Biographies

DKK 656.00
1

Veterans and Agent Orange - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Veterans and Agent Orange - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014 is a cumulative report of the series thus far. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Evaluating the Evidence3 Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam4 Information Related to Biologic Plausibility5 Epidemiologic Studies: Compendium of New Publications6 Epidemiologic Studies: Background on Multiply Referenced Populations7 Immune-System Disorders8 Cancers9 Effects on Veterans' Fertility and Reproductive Success10 Effects on Veterans' Descendants11 Neurologic Disorders12 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes13 Other Chronic Health Outcomes14 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Issues Raised by the Public and Agendas of Public Meetings Held by the Committee and Other Written Submissions to the CommitteeAppendix B: Short-Term Adverse Health ResponsesAppendix C: Clarification of Cancer Groupings Used in Reporting Results, with Correspondence to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cause-of-Death Codes and International Classification of Diseases Codes for CancersAppendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies

DKK 708.00
1

Countering Terrorism - Russian Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Countering Terrorism - Russian Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This book presents the proceedings of the fourth U.S.-Russian interacademy workshop on the general theme of countering terrorism, which was held in Moscow in March 2007. The fourth in a series, this volume continues to explore topics related to urban terrorism, but with a new emphasis on potential attacks involving biological agents, transportation networks, and energy systems. The other books in the series include:High Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop (2002)Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings (2004)Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop (2006)Table of ContentsFront MatterSummaries, 1 U.S.-Russian Working Group on Bioterrorism--Claire Cornelius (Rapporteur)2 U.S.-Russian Working Group on Transportation System Vulnerabilities--Cynthia Getner (Rapporteur)3 U.S.-Russian Working Group on Energy System Vulnerabilities--A. Chelsea Sharber (Rapporteur)Selected Papers, 4 Tendencies in Global Terrorism--Raphael Perl5 Use of Predictive Modeling Packages for Effective Emergency Management--Nikolai Petrovich Kopylov and Irek Ravilevich Khasanov6 Organizational Measures and Decision Support Systems for Preventing and Responding to Terrorist Acts at Potentially Hazardous Facilities, on Transportation Systems, and in Locations Where Large Numbers of People Congregate--A. Yu. Kudrin, A. I. Zaporozhets, and S. A. Kachanov7 Characteristics of Technological Terrorism Scenarios and Impact Factors--Nikolai A. Makhutov, Vitaly P. Petrov, and Dmitry O. Reznikov8 Activities of the Russian Federal Medical-Biological Agency Related to Radiation, Chemical, and Biological Security--Vladimir V. Romanov9 Disease Surveillance and International Biosecurity--David R. Franz10 Emerging Viral Infections in the Asian Part of Russia--Sergei V. Netesov and Natalya A. Markovich11 A Note on the Interfacial Vulnerabilities of Transportation Systems--George Bugliarello12 Transportation Planning for Evacuations--John C. Falcocchio13 International and National Priorities in Combating Terrorism in the Transportation Sector--Vladimir N. Lopatin14 Managing the Radius of Risk--Drew F. Lieb15 The Problem of Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Security--S. G. Serebryakov16 U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism--John F. Ahearne17 IAEA Activities in Preventing Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism--Miroslav Gregoric18 Electromagnetic Terrorism: Threat to the Security of the State Infrastructure--Vladimir Ye. Fortov and Yury V. Parfyonov19 The Phenomenon of Suicide Bombings in Israel: Lessons Learned--Mordecai Z. Dzikansky20 Raman Spectroscopic Detection of Chemical, Biological, and Explosive Agents--Russ Zajtchuk and Gary R. Gilbert21 The U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate--John O'NeilAppendix A: AgendaAppendix B: Recent Russian and International Publications of InterestAppendix C: Russia's Counterterrorism Strategy--Valentin A. Sobolev

DKK 429.00
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Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

We live in a time of extraordinary discovery and progress in astronomy and astrophysics. The next decade will transform our understanding of the universe and humanity's place in it. Every decade the U.S. agencies that provide primary federal funding for astronomy and astrophysics request a survey to assess the status of, and opportunities for the Nation's efforts to forward our understanding of the cosmos. Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s identifies the most compelling science goals and presents an ambitious program of ground- and space-based activities for future investment in the next decade and beyond. The decadal survey identifies three important science themes for the next decade aimed at investigating Earth-like extrasolar planets, the most energetic processes in the universe, and the evolution of galaxies. The Astro2020 report also recommends critical near-term actions to support the foundations of the profession as well as the technologies and tools needed to carry out the science. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Pathways to Discovery: From Foundations to Frontiers2 A New Cosmic Perspective3 The Profession and Its Societal Impacts: Gateways to Science, Pathways to Diversity, Equity, and Sustainability4 Optimizing the Science: Foundations5 Evaluating and Balancing the Operational Portfolio6 Technology Foundations and Small- and Medium-Scale Sustaining Programs7 Realizing the Opportunities: Medium- and Large-Scale ProgramsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of Task, Additional Guidance, and Panel DescriptionsAppendix B: Report of the Panel on Compact Objects and Energetic PhenomenaAppendix C: Report of the Panel on CosmologyAppendix D: Report of the Panel on GalaxiesAppendix E: Report of the Panel on Exoplanets, Astrobiology, and the Solar SystemAppendix F: Report of the Panel on the Interstellar Medium and Star and Planet FormationAppendix G: Report of the Panel on Stars, the Sun, and Stellar PopulationsAppendix H: Report of the Panel on an Enabling Foundation for ResearchAppendix I: Report of the Panel on Electromagnetic Observations from Space 1Appendix J: Report of the Panel on Electromagnetic Observations from Space 2Appendix K: Report of the Panel on Optical and Infrared Observations from the GroundAppendix L: Report of the Panel on Particle Astrophysics and GravitationAppendix M: Report of the Panel on Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Observations from the GroundAppendix N: Report of the Panel on State of the Profession and Societal ImpactsAppendix O: Independent Technical, Risk, and Cost EvaluationAppendix P: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix Q: Committee and Panel Biographical Information

DKK 755.00
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School Meals - Food And Nutrition Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

School Meals - Food And Nutrition Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Ensuring that the food provided to children in schools is consistent with current dietary recommendations is an important national focus. Various laws and regulations govern the operation of school meal programs. In 1995, Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements were put in place to ensure that all meals offered would be high in nutritional quality. School Meals reviews and provides recommendations to update the nutrition standard and the meal requirements for the National School Breakfast and Lunch Programs. The recommendations reflect new developments in nutrition science, increase the availability of key food groups in the school meal programs, and allow these programs to better meet the nutritional needs of children, foster healthy eating habits, and safeguard children's health. School Meals sets standards for menu planning that focus on food groups, calories, saturated fat, and sodium and that incorporate Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes. This book will be used as a guide for school food authorities, food producers, policy leaders, state/local governments, and parents. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Background2 Foundation for Revising Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements3 Schoolchildren's Food and Nutrient Intakes and Related Health Concerns4 Process for Developing the Nutrient Targets5 Process for Developing the Meal Requirements6 Iterations - Achieving the Best Balance of Nutrition, Student Acceptance, Practicality, and Cost7 Recommendations for Nutrient Targets and Meal Requirements for School Meals8 Food Cost Implications and Market Effects9 Projected Impact of the Recommended Nutrient Targets and Meal Requirements10 Implementation, Evaluation, and Research11 ReferencesAppendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and GlossaryAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix C: Critical Issues for Consideration by the Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, as Submitted by the U.S. Department of AgricultureAppendix D: January 2009 Workshop Agenda and Summary of Public CommentsAppendix E: Standards for the Current Food- and Nutrient-Based Menu Planning ApproachesAppendix F: Data Used to Calculate Estimated Energy RequirementsAppendix G: Data Tables Containing Examples of New SNDA-III AnalysesAppendix H: Uses of MyPyramid Food Groups and the MyPyramid SpreadsheetAppendix I: Dietary Intake Data and Calculation of the Target Median Intake for IronAppendix J: Target Median Intake (TMI) TablesAppendix K: Use of the School Meals Menu Analysis ProgramAppendix L: Baseline MenusAppendix M: Sample MenusAppendix N: Evidence Considered Related to the Definition for Whole Grain-Rich FoodsAppendix O: Comparison of Recommended Nutrient Targets to Various Nutrition Standards for School-Aged ChildrenAppendix P: Comparison of *Dietary Guidelines for Americans* with Recommended Meal RequirementsAppendix Q: Regulations Related to the Sodium Content of Foods Labeled "Healthy"

DKK 448.00
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Future Directions for the Demography of Aging - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Future Directions for the Demography of Aging - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Almost 25 years have passed since the Demography of Aging (1994) was published by the National Research Council. Future Directions for the Demography of Aging is, in many ways, the successor to that original volume. The Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to produce an authoritative guide to new directions in demography of aging. The papers published in this report were originally presented and discussed at a public workshop held in Washington, D.C., August 17-18, 2017. The workshop discussion made evident that major new advances had been made in the last two decades, but also that new trends and research directions have emerged that call for innovative conceptual, design, and measurement approaches. The report reviews these recent trends and also discusses future directions for research on a range of topics that are central to current research in the demography of aging. Looking back over the past two decades of demography of aging research shows remarkable advances in our understanding of the health and well-being of the older population. Equally exciting is that this report sets the stage for the next two decades of innovative research–a period of rapid growth in the older American population. Table of ContentsFront MatterPART I: Health Trends and Disparities1 Trends in Mortality, Disease, and Physiological Status in the Older Population - Eileen Crimmins2 Racial/Ethnic and Nativity Disparities in the Health of Older U.S. Men and Women - Robert A. Hummer and Iliya Gutin3 Socioeconomic Status, Health, and Mortality in Aging Populations - Angela M. O'Rand and Scott M. LynchPART II: Social and Environmental Contexts Shaping Aging and Health4 Social Well-Being and Health in the Older Population: Moving beyond Social Relationships - Linda J. Waite5 Place, Aging, and Health - Kathleen A. Cagney and Erin York CornwellPART III: Families and Intergenerational Transfers6 Demography of Aging and the Family - Emily M. Agree7 Intergenerational Transfers and the Older Population - Andrew Mason and Ronald LeePART IV: Work and Retirement in the Older Population8 The Demography of Retirement - Courtney CoilePART V: Disability and Cognitive Health of the Older Population9 Cognitive Aging, Dementia, and the Future of an Aging Population - Kenneth M. Langa10 The Demography of Late-Life Disability - Vicki A. FreedmanPART VI: The Demography of Aging on a Global Scale11 The Demography of Aging in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Chronological versus Functional Perspectives - Nikkil Sudharsanan and David E. Bloom12 Health, Economic Status, and Aging in High-Income Countries - Jinkook Lee and James P. SmithPART VII: New Approaches in Measurement13 New Measures and New Designs in Demography of Aging Research - David R. Weir, Linda J. Waite, Rebeca Wong, and Vicki A. Freedman

DKK 448.00
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Review of WIC Food Packages - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of WIC Food Packages - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began 40 years ago as a pilot program and has since grown to serve over 8 million pregnant women, and mothers of and their infants and young children. Today the program serves more than a quarter of the pregnant women and half of the infants in the United States, at an annual cost of about $6.2 billion. Through its contribution to the nutritional needs of pregnant, breastfeeding, and post-partum women; infants; and children under 5 years of age; this federally supported nutrition assistance program is integral to meeting national nutrition policy goals for a significant portion of the U.S. population. To assure the continued success of the WIC, Congress mandated that the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reevaluate the program's food packages every 10 years. In 2014, the USDA asked the Institute of Medicine to undertake this reevaluation to ensure continued alignment with the goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This, the second report of this series, provides a summary of the work of phase I of the study, and serves as the analytical underpinning for phase II in which the committee will report its final conclusions and recommendations. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Background2 The WIC Participant Experience3 Approach to the Task4 Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Populations5 Food Intake of WIC-Eligible Populations6 Nutrition-Related Health Risks in the WIC Population7 Promotion, Motivation, and Support of Breastfeeding with the WIC Food Packages8 Meeting Diverse Dietary Needs and Preferences: Considerations for the WIC Food Packages9 Background and Approach to Considering Food Package Options10 Food Expenditure Analysis11 Findings and ConclusionsAppendix A: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix B: GlossaryAppendix C: Comparison of Institute of Medicine 2006 Recommendations and Regulatory ImplementationAppendix D: Composition of the WIC Food PackagesAppendix E: The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service Funded Studies Describing the Effect of the 2009 WIC Food Package ChangesAppendix F: Changes in the WIC Food Packages and Program Participation: MethodsAppendix G: Literature Findings on Barriers and Incentives to WIC Participation and RedemptionAppendix H: Workshop AgendasAppendix I: Evidence Review StrategyAppendix J: Dietary Reference Intake Values and Nutrients and Foods AnalyzedAppendix K: Diet Quality IndexesAppendix L: Household Food Expenditure AnalysisAppendix M: Regulatory Impact Analysis ApproachAppendix N: Committee Perceptions of the WIC ExperienceAppendix O: Summary Results from the Diet Quality of American Young Children by WIC Participation StatusAppendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible PopulationsAppendix Q: Food Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible PopulationsAppendix R: Summary of National Dataset Characteristics Applied in the Evaluation of Health RisksAppendix S: Breastfeeding Literature FindingsAppendix T: Chronology of Statutes Pertaining to the Definition of WIC Supplemental FoodsAppendix U: Committee Biosketches

DKK 500.00
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In the Light of Evolution - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the Light of Evolution - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Two Centuries of Darwin is the outgrowth of an Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 16-17, 2009. In the chapters of this book, leading evolutionary biologists and science historians reflect on and commemorate the Darwinian Revolution. They canvass modern research approaches and current scientific thought on each of the three main categories of selection (natural, artificial, and sexual) that Darwin addressed during his career. Although Darwin's legacy is associated primarily with the illumination of natural selection in The Origin, he also contemplated and wrote extensively about what we now term artificial selection and sexual selection. In a concluding section of this book, several science historians comment on Darwin's seminal contributions. Two Centuries of Darwin is the third book of the In the Light of Evolution series. Each installment in the series explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. The ILE series aims to interpret phenomena in various areas of biology through the lens of evolution and address some of the most intellectually engaging, as well as pragmatically important societal issues of our times. Table of ContentsFront MatterPart I: NATURAL SELECTION, OR ADAPTATION TO NATURE1 Natural Selection inAction During Speciation--Sara Via2 Adaptive Radiations:From Field to Genomic Studies--Scott A. Hodges and Nathan J. Derieg3 Genetics and Ecological Speciation--Dolph Schluter and Gina L. Conte4 Cascades of Convergent Evolution: The Corresponding Evolutionary Histories of Euglenozoans and Dinoflagellates--Julius Lukeš, Brian S. Leander, and Patrick J. Keeling Part II: ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, OR ADAPTATION TO HUMAN DEMANDS5 From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, an Evolutionary View of Domestication--Carlos A. Driscoll, David W. Macdonald, and Stephen J. O'Brien6 Tracking Footprints of Maize Domestication and Evidence for a Massive Selective Sweep on Chromosome 10--Feng Tian, Natalie M. Stevens, and Edward S. Buckler IV7 Human-Induced Evolution Caused by Unnatural Selection Through Harvest of Wild Animals--Fred W. Allendorf and Jeffrey J. Hard8 In the Light of Directed Evolution: Pathways of Adaptive Protein Evolution--Jesse D. Bloom and Frances H. ArnoldPart III: SEXUAL SELECTION, OR ADAPTATION TO MATING DEMANDS9 Mate Choice and Sexual Selection: What Have We Learned Since Darwin?--Adam G. Jones and Nicholas L. Ratterman10 Sexual Selection and Mating Systems--Stephen M. Shuster11 Reproductive Decisions Under Ecological Constraints: It's About Time--Patricia Adair Gowaty and Stephen P. Hubbell12 Postcopulatory Sexual Selection: Darwin's Omission and Its Consequences--William G. EberhardPart IV: THE DARWINIAN LEGACY, 150 YEARS LATER13 Darwin and the Scientific Method--Francisco J. Ayala14 The Darwinian Revolution: Rethinking Its Meaningand Significance--Michael Ruse15 Did Darwin Write *the Origin* Backwards?--Elliott Sober16 Darwin's Place in the History of Thought: A Reevaluation--Robert J. Richards17 Darwin's "Strange Inversion of Reasoning"--Daniel DennettReferencesIndex

DKK 788.00
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In a world of increasing dependence on information technology, the prevention of cyberattacks on a nation's important computer and communications systems and networks is a problem that looms large. Given the demonstrated limitations of passive cybersecurity defense measures, it is natural to consider the possibility that deterrence might play a useful role in preventing cyberattacks against the United States and its vital interests. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government. The first phase produced a letter report providing basic information needed to understand the nature of the problem and to articulate important questions that can drive research regarding ways of more effectively preventing, discouraging, and inhibiting hostile activity against important U.S. information systems and networks. The second phase of the project entailed selecting appropriate experts to write papers on questions raised in the letter report. A number of experts, identified by the committee, were commissioned to write these papers under contract with the National Academy of Sciences. Commissioned papers were discussed at a public workshop held June 10-11, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and authors revised their papers after the workshop. Although the authors were selected and the papers reviewed and discussed by the committee, the individually authored papers do not reflect consensus views of the committee, and the reader should view these papers as offering points of departure that can stimulate further work on the topics discussed. The papers presented in this volume are published essentially as received from the authors, with some proofreading corrections made as limited time allowed. Table of ContentsFront MatterGroup 1 - Attribution and EconomicsIntroducing the Economics of Cybersecurity: Principles and Policy Options--Tyler MooreUntangling Attribution--David D. Clark and Susan LandauA Survey of Challenges in Attribution--W. Earl BoebertGroup 2 - Strategy, Policy, and DoctrineApplicability of Traditional Deterrence Concepts and Theory to the Cyber Realm--Patrick M. MorganCategorizing and Understanding Offensive Cyber Capabilities and Their Use--Gregory Rattray and Jason HealeyA Framework for Thinking About Cyber Conflict and Cyber Deterrence with Possible Declaratory Policies for These Domains--Stephen J. LukasikPulling Punches in Cyberspace--Martin LibickiGroup 3 - Law and RegulationCyber Operations in International Law: The Use of Force, Collective Security, Self-Defense, and Armed Conflicts--Michael N. SchmittCyber Security and International Agreements--Abraham D. Sofaer, David Clark, and Whitfield DiffieThe Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime--Michael A. VatisGroup 4 - PsychologyDecision Making Under Uncertainty--Rose McDermottGroup 5 - Organization of GovernmentThe Organization of the United States Government and Private Sector for Achieving Cyber Deterrence--Paul RosenzweigGroup 6 - Privacy and Civil LibertiesCivil Liberties and Privacy Implications of Policies to Prevent Cyberattacks--Robert GellmanGroup 7 - Contributed PapersTargeting Third-Party Collaboration--Geoff A. CohenThinking Through Active Defense in Cyberspace--Jay P. Kesan and Carol M. HayesAppendixesAppendix A: Reprinted Letter Report from the Committee on Deterring CyberattacksAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Biosketches of AuthorsAppendix D: Biosketches of Committee and Staff

DKK 474.00
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International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages - Committee On Population - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages - Committee On Population - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. In addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Overview--Eileen M. Crimmins, Samuel H. Preston, and Barney CohenPart I: Levels and Trends2 Diverging Trends in Life Expectancy at Age 50: A Look at Causes of Death--Dana A. Glei, France Meslé, and Jacques Vallin3 Are International Differences in Health Similar to International Differences in Life Expectancy?--Eileen M. Crimmins, Krista Garcia, and Jung Ki KimPart II: Identifying Causal Explanations4 Contribution of Smoking to International Differences in Life Expectancy--Samuel H. Preston, Dana A. Glei, and John R. Wilmoth5 Divergent Patterns of Smoking Across High-Income Nations--Fred Pampel6 Can Obesity Account for Cross-National Differences in Life-Expectancy Trends?--Dawn E. Alley, Jennifer Lloyd, and Michelle Shardell7 The Contribution of Physical Activity to Divergent Trends in Longevity--Andrew Steptoe and Anna Wikman8 Do Cross-Country Variations in Social Integration and Social Interactions Explain Differences in Life Expectancy in Industrialized Countries?--James Banks, Lisa Berkman, and James P. Smith with Mauricio Avendano and Maria GlymourPart III: The U.S. Health System9 Low Life Expectancy in the United States: Is the Health Care System at Fault?--Samuel H. Preston and Jessica Ho10 Can Hormone Therapy Account for American Women's Survival Disadvantage?--Noreen GoldmanPart IV: Inequality11 Do Americans Have Higher Mortality Than Europeans at All Levels of the Education Distribution?: A Comparison of the United States and 14 European Countries--Mauricio Avendano, Renske Kok, Maria Glymour, Lisa Berkman, Ichiro Kawachi, Anton Kunst, and Johan Mackenbach with support from members of the Eurothine Consortium12 Geographic Differences in Life Expectancy at Age 50 in the United States Compared with Other High-Income Countries--John R. Wilmoth, Carl Boe, and Magali BarbieriPart V: International Case Studies13 Renewed Progress in Life Expectancy: The Case of the Netherlands--Johan Mackenbach and Joop Garssen14 The Divergent Life-Expectancy Trends in Denmark and Sweden - and Some Potential Explanations--Kaare Christensen, Michael Davidsen, Knud Juel, Laust Mortensen, Roland Rau, and James W. VaupelBiographical Sketches of Contributors

DKK 396.00
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Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog -

Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog -

The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others?Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Spark-Ignition Engines3 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines4 Electrified Powertrains5 Transmissions6 Non-Powertrain Technologies7 Cost and Manufacturing Considerations for Meeting Fuel Economy Standards8 Estimates of Technology Costs and Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness9 Consumer Impacts and Acceptance Issues10 Overall Assessment of CAFE Program Methodology and DesignAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee BiographiesAppendix C: Presentations and Committee MeetingsAppendix D: Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles for Otto, Diesel, and Atkinson EnginesAppendix E: SI Engine Definitions and Efficiency FundamentalsAppendix F: Examples of Friction Reduction Opportunities for Main Engine ComponentsAppendix G: Friction Reduction in Downsized EnginesAppendix H: Variable Valve Timing SystemsAppendix I: Variable Valve Lift SystemsAppendix J: Reasons for Potential Differences from NHTSA Estimates for Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Turbocharged, Downsized EnginesAppendix K: DOE Research Projects on Turbocharged and Downsized EnginesAppendix L: Relationship between Power and PerformanceAppendix M: HCCI ProjectsAppendix N: Effect of Compression Ratio of Brake Thermal EfficiencyAppendix O: Variable Compression Ratio EnginesAppendix P: Fuel Consumption Impact of Tier 3 Emission StandardsAppendix Q: Examples of EPA's Standards for GasolineAppendix R: Impact of Low Carbon Fuels to Achieve Reductions in GHG Emissions (California LCFS 2007 Alternative Fuels and Cleaner Fossil Fuels CNG, LPG)Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of TechnologiesAppendix T: Derivation of Turbocharged, Downsized Engine Direct Manufacturing CostsAppendix U: SI Engine Pathway NHTSA Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs and Total CostsAppendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS SuperchargerAppendix W: Technologies, Footprints, and Fuel Economy for Example Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Hybrid Passenger CarsAppendix X: Full System Simulation Modeling of Fuel Consumption ReductionsAppendix Y: Acronym List

DKK 708.00
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