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The Effects and Performance Analysis of Non-linear Phase Noise in All Optical OFDM Systems - Iraj Sadegh Amiri - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc -

Due to the limitation of the electrical OFDM signal and electrical Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), all-optical OFDMs have recently received much attention. Accordingly, this research study was conducted to investigate the effect of phase noise in the performance of an all-optical OFDM transmission system with 4-point FFT single mode fiber (SMF) links by considering the effects of fiber length, input laser power and a number of channels. In all optical systems, the transmitter side consists of a comb power generator, wavelength selected switch and an optical QAM generator. A comb power generator generates channels with a frequency separation of ∆f=25 GHz. Subsequently, a Wavelength Selected Switch (WSS) was used to split subcarriers and then the subcarriers were modulated individually with Optical QAM modulators. As the results show, a higher number of channels led more phase noise in terms of XPM and FWM nonlinearities, and signal power was the main factor in nonlinear fiber optics. As a consequence, there is more phase noise distortion at a higher signal power for a higher number of channels rather than the lower number of channels.

DKK 820.00

1

Dynamic Systems - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

In the first chapter, Dr Christian Hugo Hoffmann presents a study that adds to the current knowledge on financial risk and complexity while drawing on the concept of organized complexity, coined by Weaver. He finishes by explaining the correlation between the ideas of complexity, randomness, and systemic risks. In the second chapter, Peter A. Stubberud, Stephen C Stubberud, and Allen R. Stubberud present a signal processing technique, which is a simplification of the dynamic element matching technique, or DEMT and is referred to as the dynamic system matching technique, or DSMT, for controlling the noise signal in the output of a system due to manufacturing errors. In the third and final chapter, Yu Zhou, Weigang Wu, and Huaguan Li define new system models to describe the dynamicity of clusters and then, based on those models, they design and present an algorithm that is able to elect an eventual leader.

DKK 820.00

1

Optoelectronics in Measurement of Physical Magnitudes - V N Fedorinin - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

In this book, the development of optoelectronic devices for the measurement of physical magnitudes, such as electromagnetic radiation intensity with spatial resolution, acoustic signal spectrum, magnitudes of the displacement, and kinetics of chemical reactions are presented. The operation principle of given devices is based on the change in a state of electromagnetic wave polarisation upon the interaction with physical object while changing its mechanical and chemical characteristics.

DKK 534.00

1

Defense Genes in Tomato - Ross N Nazar - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Plant defence against disease-causing organisms usually follows three steps: pathogen recognition, signal transduction and the resistance response. In tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), a myriad of R-genes provide resistance against viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects that counterattack with their corresponding avirulence or avr genes. R-genes have been characterised over the years and classified into four classes: TNA, CNA, RAP/RAK and miscellaneous. This book reviews these different defense genes and the recent advances associated with them.

DKK 633.00

1

Gyroscopes - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

In the first chapter of Gyroscopes: Types, Functions and Applications, the operating principle, types and applications of fiber-optic gyroscopes are summarized, and a novel slow light gyroscope based on coupled resonators is introduced. Following this, two signal processing techniques are discussed, each for a different type of gyroscope noise. These two techniques are then combined to produce a general technique for improving the accuracy of a gyroscope. The main methods of creating compact passive optical gyroscopes and their development trends are examined in the closing chapter.

DKK 624.00

1

Crystal Violet - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Crystal Violet: Production, Applications and Precautions opens by presenting the main factors influencing the metachromatic phenomenon. The hypsochromic effect is due to the symmetry of the molecule providing the common electronic signal around the central carbon atom. Next, the authors discuss further modification of the adsorbents in an effort to improve their adsorption capacity and make them feasible for use in field applications. The closing chapter reports on the removal of crystal violet dye from water using surfactant-modified zeolite from coal fly ash, surfactant-modified zeolite from coal bottom ash and nanosilica from sugarcane waste ash.

DKK 757.00

1

Tumor Necrosis Factor - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine exerting pleiotropic effects on various cell types and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this book, the authors discuss the structure, enzyme regulation and role in health and disease of TNF. Topics include TNF-a related to signal pathways and neuronal diseases; the role of TNF-a in rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmunity; the presence of 308-A TNF allele and its association with the clinical parameters of myelodysplastic syndromes; the significance of TNF in the immune response against tuberculosis; and TNF-a signaling and cathespin B.

DKK 1132.00

1

Photonic Crystals - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Photonic crystals are periodically structured electromagnetic media, possessing photonic band gaps, (ie: ranges of frequency in which light cannot propagate through the structure). In this publication, the authors present current research in the study of the technology, theory and challenges of photonic crystals. Topics include photonic crystal tunable filters driven by an electrical control signal; recent patents on tunable photonic crystals; diamond photonics; design of high performance tunable reflectors by using 1D ternary photonic band gap structures; photonic crystal fibre non-linear characterisation and application to generate multi-wavelength brillouin fiber lasers; and a new multilayer structure for temperature stable performance in infrared optical filtering.

DKK 1132.00

1

Global War on Terrorism - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The signal events opening the global war on terrorism were the attacks of September 11. The world media began to focus on one of the terrorist groups, al-Qaeda, a well-funded terrorist organisation headquartered in Afghanistan or Pakistan with offshoots in many countries. America has turned out to be the primary target of Al-Qaeda. America''s first response was the attack on Afghanistan and the establishing of a puppet government. Next America attacked Iraq under the guise of a response to terrorism although no connection has been proven or even alleged except by hardcore neocons aligned with certain elements in the Washington power establishment. This new book pierces the veil of disinformation with frank assessments of the progress or lack thereof of the war on terrorism.

DKK 405.00

1

Global War on Terrorism - John Davis - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The signal events opening the global war on terrorism were the attacks of September 11. The world media began to focus on one of the terrorist groups, Al-Qaeda, a well-funded terrorist organisation headquartered in Afghanistan or Pakistan with offshoots in many countries. America has turned out to be the primary target of Al-Qaeda. America''s first response was the attack on Afghanistan and the establishing of a puppet government. Next America attacked Iraq under the guise of a response to terrorism although no connection has been proven or even alleged except by hardcore neocons aligned with certain elements in the Washington power establishment. This new book pierces the veil of misinformation with frank assessments of the progress or lack thereof of the war on terrorism.

DKK 633.00

1

Taxing the Wealthy - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book explores the debate over whether the top two marginal tax rates should be permitted to rise back to their 2001 levels - from the current 33% back to 36%, and from the current 35% back to 39.6%. The analysis takes into account the relationship between the top tax rates on ordinary income, the tax rate on capital gains and dividends and the alternative minimum tax. Arguments for raising the tax rates on high-income taxpayers start with the need to raise additional revenue and to signal the beginning of an effort by the United States to reduce its deficit. This policy is viewed as collecting revenue from taxpayers with the most income, who received the biggest Bush tax cuts, and who are least likely to reduce their consumption spending or work effort in response to an increase in their marginal tax rate.

DKK 588.00

1

Personalized Medicine & the FDA's Emerging Role - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Over the past few years, a number of products that signal a new era of medical product development have entered the market or come on the horizon. Recently, the FDA approved four cancer drugs for use in patients whose tumours have specific genetic characteristics that are identified by a companion diagnostic test. This book describes the ways in which FDA has worked to respond to, anticipate and help drive scientific developments in personalised therapeutics and diagnostics. It provides a compendium of FDA''s many recent efforts to advance regulatory standards, methods and tools in support of personalised medicine and to further refine critical regulatory processes and policies in order to bring about personalised medical product development. This thoughtful book should serve as a useful resource for those looking toward a future where all stages of patient care -- from prevention to diagnosis to treatment to follow-up -- are truly personalised.

DKK 890.00

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Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer - Marc Lacroix - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Breast cancer is characterised by the accumulation of genetic alterations, including point mutations and loss of entire DNA regions ("loss of heterozygosity" or LOH). Among genes that are affected by such events, the "tumour suppresser genes" (TSGs) have a peculiar interest since they often occupy pivotal positions in regulatory networks that control the cell cycle and/or encompass various signal transduction cascades. While a number of genes have been suggested as candidate TSGs in breast cancer, only a few of them have been confirmed in this status. They include TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2...and are mainly involved in the control of DNA repair, cell proliferation, apoptosis and signalling. Some TSGs are linked to familial (hereditary) forms of breast cancer. The exact definition of what is a TSG is still debated. Recently, genes not affected by mutation or even LOH, but occasionally methylated have been considered as TSGs.

DKK 514.00

1

Personal Digital Archiving - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The Library of Congress maintains a digital preservation blog called The Signal. This book contains a series of reformatted posts from that blog on the subject of personal digital archiving. Specifically, the topics include guidance for such things as choosing file formats and adding descriptions to digital photographs; first-hand accounts of working with and preserving personal collections; descriptions of outreach activities and interviews with library professionals on the subject of personal digital archiving, and many others. Photo albums, letters, home movies and paper documents are a vital link to the past. Personal information we create today has the same value. The only difference is that much of it is now digital. Preserving digital information is a new concept that most people have little experience with. This book provides knowledge and tips to ensure that digital materials last a lifetime by taking steps to preserve them.

DKK 890.00

1

A Comprehensive Guide to Lamb Waves - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book presents the fundamental concept of Lamb wave propagation and its application for damage detection in metals and composites. The editor has taken utmost care to include a range of applications of Lamb waves, in the linear and nonlinear domains, in this book. Various damage location algorithms making use of linear characteristics of Lamb waves and a few case studies making use of nonlinear characteristics Lamb waves for damage detection are presented in a simple-to-understand way. Readers will find detailed descriptions for experiments, simulation, and signal processing. The last chapter that focuses on the evaluation of fatigue-induced material nonlinearity would help readers to understand the complex applications of Lamb waves. The forthcoming books in this series would include state-of-the-art applications of guided waves for damage detection, material characterization, and estimation of the remnant useful life of engineering structures.

DKK 890.00

1

Thiols - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The thiol (-SH) is an essential functional group in the biological system. The -SH groups play a catalytic and structural role in enzymes and proteins that participate in the defense against reactive oxygen species, detoxification, signal transduction, energy production, apoptosis, and other biological functions. In this compilation, the authors begin by exploring how the inorganic and organic forms of mercury interact with these macromolecules. In the following study, thiol-methacrylate networks based on a tetrafunctional thiol and dimethacrylate monomers were prepared by both photopolymerization and amine-catalyzed Michael addition reaction. The progress of the polymerization reaction was monitored by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The cured materials were characterized by measuring the glass transition temperature, the flexural modulus, and the compressive strength. In the closing study, a novel and efficient protocol is presented which has been developed for the synthesis of symmetrical disulfides from thiols using thionyl chloride as the sole oxidizing agent at ambient conditions. Also, a tentative mechanism has been reported for the reaction.

DKK 624.00

1

Regucalcin - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book, which is entitled "Regucalcin: Metabolic Regulation and Disease", introduces the recent topics regarding the involvement of regucalcin in metabolic regulation and its related diseases. Cell signaling system may be potent interest in the fields of biomedical research. Regucalcin, which was discovered as a calcium-binding protein in 1978, is demonstrated to play a potential role as a suppressor in manifold intracellular signaling process linked to transcription activity. With growing studies, regucalcin has been demonstrated to play a multifunctional role in the regulation of the function of various types of cells and tissues, including the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, various enzymes activity, cell signal transduction, nuclear function and gene expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and other cellular events. Regucalcin plays a pivotal role in maintaining cell homeostasis and protecting from disorders with ageing. This book focuses recent highlighted information regarding the role of regucalcin in metabolic regulation and its related diseases with aging. This book is constituted of 6 chapters as described in the following. This book will be of interest to graduate students, researchers, scientists and physicians focused on the fields of molecular and cellular biology, biomedical sciences, and clinical challenges.

DKK 718.00

1

A Closer Look at Polyadenylation - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

In response to various environmental cues and cellular stress, cells need to modify their protein expression pattern for proper cell functioning. The cell experiences diverse cellular stress as oxidative, genotoxic, and etc. The damage of the genome by certain chemicals or agents affects the cell integrity and leads to genotoxic stress. As such, this compilation discusses how different cellular stresses affect the polyadenylation process and modulate the polyadenylation machinery. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation plays an important role in oocyte maturation, mitotic cell cycle progression, cellular senescence and synaptic plasticity. Poly(A) tails can be elongated post-transcriptionally by noncanonical poly(A) polymerases, which can impact cells with limited transcriptional activity. A recent study is discussed wherein it is shown that that alternative cleavage and polyadenylation isoform expression influences about 10% of targeting by miRNAs between any two cell types analysed and, more importantly, that the accuracy of target prediction can be improved if the cellular alternative cleavage and polyadenylation profile is considered. The authors go on to focus on how altering the polyadenylation process and components of RNA polyadenylation machinery leads to abnormal physiological conditions. The targeting of elements of RNA polyadenylation machinery as therapeutics in clinical research is also discussed. The majority of eukaryotic mRNAs are polyadenylated at their 3'end. This poly(A) tail is not encoded by DNA and is added co-transcriptionally. Cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor (CPSF1) is part of multiple subunit factors required for a site-specific cleavage, which is involved in determining specificity and efficency of the 3' end processing of pre-mRNAs in the nucleus by recognizing the polyadenylation signal. Following this, mutations in the poly(A) signal (AAUAAA hexamer) present in the globin pre-mRNA were identified in hematological disorders caused by defects in the synthesis of one or more of the globin chains (thalassemia). The point mutation AATAAA to AACAAA of a human I(2)-globin gene detected in 1985 in DNA from a patient with I(2)-thalassemia led to the formation of an elongated I(2)-globin mRNA isoform. This compilation addresses how RNA processing at the pre-mRNA level occurs in the cell nucleus and regulates gene expression. Newly synthesized mRNA contains a poly(A) tail, which is added through canonical polyadenylation coupled to transcription. Canonical mRNA 3' processing involves endonucleolytic cleavage within the pre-mRNA sequences and the addition of a poly(A) tail to the upstream cleavage fragment. The closing chapter discusses how the poly(A) tail at the 3'end of the majority of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), with the exception of histone transcripts, is not simply a static entity but more likely a dynamic matter. Its length added to an mRNA is regulated by the concerted action of poly(A) polymerases and deadenylases.

DKK 718.00

1

Emissivity - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book opens with an overview of a variety of remote sensing retrieval methods of land surface emissivity from space. The authors provide some theoretical background about land surface emissivity and recall various retrieval methods.During the atmospheric hypersonic re-entry of a space vehicle, the extremely high temperatures generated in the shock layer between the bow shock and the vehicle lead to very high temperatures at the wall, the values of which depend mainly on the total heat flux impinging the surface, and its emissivity. The higher the emissivity of the surface, the lower the temperature that is achieved. Thus, in order to perform reliable temperature predictions at the surface during space re-entry into the atmosphere, the authors suggest that proper knowledge of material surface emissivity is mandatory. In the penultimate chapter, the emissivity due to neutrino-pair production in e+e- annihilation in the context of the 331RHv model is calculated in a way that can be used in supernova models. Lastly, a photoacoustic cell is constructed to view two different surfaces through a pair of out of phase optical chopping wheels records the difference in radiation fluxes from the two surfaces. The point at which a lock-in amplifier records a null in the photoacoustic signal is where the radiation fluxes from the two surfaces are identical, permitting the relative emissivities of the two surfaces to be determined.

DKK 624.00

1

Clock Synchronization & Navigation in the Vicinity of the Earth - Thomas B Bahder - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Clock synchronisation is the backbone of applications such as high-accuracy satellite navigation, geolocation, space-based interferometry, and cryptographic communication systems. The high accuracy of synchronisation needed over satellite-to-ground and satellite-to-satellite distances requires the use of general relativistic concepts. The role of geometrical optics and antenna phase centre approximations are discussed in high accuracy work. The clock synchronisation problem is explored from a general relativistic point of view, with emphasis on the local measurement process and the use of the tetrad formalism as the correct model of relativistic measurements. The treatment makes use of J. L. Synge''s world function of space-time as a basic co-ordinate independent geometric concept. A metric is used for space-time in the vicinity of the Earth, where co-ordinate time is proper time on the geoid. The problem of satellite clock syntonisation is analysed by numerically integrating the geodesic equations of motion for low-Earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO) satellites. Proper time minus co-ordinate time is computed for satellites in these orbital regimes. The frequency shift as a function of time is computed for a signal observed on the Earth''s geoid from a LEO, GEO, and HEO satellite. Finally, the problem of geolocation in curved space-time is briefly explored using the world function formalism.

DKK 534.00

1

Optimization of Paced AV Delay Using Atrial Contribution Index - Jiri Kvasnicka - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The hemodynamic effect of the atria on the net performance of the heart is called atrial contribution (AC). AC is either linked to ventricular filling or to the systolic function of the heart, i.e. to the systolic volume or cardiac output. Several noninvasive methods for the quantification of AC are described in literature but none of them are routinely used in cardiac pacing centres due to the time-consuming nature of the methods, the limited reproducibility of measured values and observer dependency. The aim of these studies was to develop a method for determining optimal AV delay in patients treated by dual chamber pacing using an index (ACSp) that quantifies atrial contribution to the systolic volume of the left ventricle. The new method is based on the quantitative analysis of a beat to beat decrease in the amplitude of the pulse oximetry signal (SpO2). The change in the amplitudes is induced by a sudden drop of the stimulus to the right atrium, while maintaining the rate of ventricular stimuli at a constant level. The obtained ACSp is given as a percentage of the pulse amplitude of SpO2. The method is independent of the observer, non-invasive and relatively fast. In a group of 47 patients, remarkable similarities between ACSp and another atrial contribution index estimated using the tracings of invasively registered aortal pressure were demonstrated. In all investigated AV intervals of 50 to 250 ms, significant inter-individual variability of ACSp was discovered. The poorest hemodynamic effect was seen at AV delay of 50 ms (median ACSp of 10.4 % from 97 subjects). In 150 subjects, the following values of ACSp were obtained at AV delay of 200 ms: median 30 %, minimum 3.6 % and maximum 80.4 %. An increase in ACSp follows reduction of preload induced by administration of furosemide. This suggests that when preload decreases cardiac output is preserved by an increase in AC enforced by sympathetic activation.

DKK 514.00

1

Chemical Sensors - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Ozone is a harmful gas to people''s health even at low concentrations. Thus, it has attracted much interest to develop portable energy-saving high-resolution ozone sensors. In this book, the physical principle of photon stimulated ozone sensors based on indium oxide nanostructures has been investigated. Ozone sensors have been integrated with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and the sensor performance towards real applications has been tested. To examine the mechanisms of photon stimulation (photoreduction) and oxidation effects, electrical, surface analytical and structural characterisation of ozone sensing layers were performed and analysed. Moreover, optical fibre sensor has found applications in the biomedical research, industrial process control and environmental monitoring. This book provides a review of the optical fibre sensor, especially focused on the optical fibre sensor development and its application in gas detection. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive tool providing information on various physical and chemical properties of materials, as well as on interaction processes occurring in the bulk or at the surface of these materials. In this book, the use of impedimetric transducers based on interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEA) for chemical and bio-sensors development is reviewed. Different designs of IDEA devices are presented and the effect of the transducer geometry on resulting impedance spectra is discussed. The authors also examine the development of an amperometric biosensor for phenol detection. The variables that exert influence on the performance of the biosensor response, including enzyme immobilisation procedure, laccase amounts, pH and working potential were investigated as well. Furthermore, the feasibility of the biosensor response for various phenol compounds was also investigated. Recent advances in sensor technology, signal processing and pattern recognition algorithms have led to the development of chemical sensing instruments housing one or more non-specific gas sensors. This book also reviews the recent applications of non-specific gas sensor array technologies used for environmental monitoring of odours; including a brief history on odour measurement applications; the different types of sensors utilised in gas sensor array systems and a range of pattern recognition techniques, from simple statistical analyses to artificial neural networks, used for the purpose of odour identification and quantification is also discussed.

DKK 1132.00

1

Dipole-Quadrupole Theory of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering - A M Polubotko - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

This book is devoted to explanation of SERS in terms of the strong dipole and especially quadruple light-molecule interactions arising in surface fields strongly varying in space in the region of strongly irregular surface roughness. The influence of the quadruple interaction is a matter of principle, since it provides explanation for the appearance of forbidden bands arising in a great number of experiments on SERS on symmetrical molecules. This essential detail in fact is absent in all other SERS theories, that does not permit to create a closed theory, which explains the majority of experimental facts accompanying SERS by a unitary approach. Moreover as it is demonstrated in the book the huge enhancement in the phenomenon of Single Molecule Detection by the SERS method can be explained exclusively by the strong quadruple light-molecule interaction. The first part of the book is devoted to a brief description of main SERS characteristics and critical analysis of theoretical approaches. Further the theory of electromagnetic field near some model kinds of rough surfaces and some other systems and the theory of the SER cross-section for arbitrary and symmetrical molecules are presented in detail. The obtained expressions helps to establish selection rules for contributions in the SER cross-section and analyse the SER spectra of symmetrical molecules. This analysis corroborates main specific features of the SER spectra of symmetrical molecules and some anomalies, which exist in these spectra for some specific conditions. The existence of electrodynamic forbiddance of the quadruple scattering mechanism for the methane molecule and molecules with cubic symmetry groups is established. The above theory permits to explain not only the huge enhancement in the phenomenon of Single -Molecule Detection but the blinking of the SERS signal too. The first layer effect, arising in the first layer of absorbed molecules also is considered in detail. It appears that the nature of this phenomenon is the electrodynamic enhancement, which is very large just in the first layer. The other phenomena, accompanying SERS are accounted for. It is demonstrated that the theory is in a good agreement with the SERS experiments and explains quite a number of characteristics related to the SERS phenomenon.

DKK 534.00

1

Hepatitis B Virus Research Focus - Lihong Ye - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), discovered in 1966, infects more than 350 million people in the world. The infection of HBV is a leading cause of chronic carriage of the virus and progressive liver diseases, such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV consists of a circular, partially double-stranded DNA molecule of 3.2 kb in length, which contains four overlapping reading frames that code for surface proteins (HBsAg), core proteins (HBcAg/HBeAg), the viral polymerase, and the transcriptional transactivator X protein. Chronic hepatitis appears to be due to a suboptimal cellular immune response that destroys some of the infected hepatocytes and does not purge the virus from the remaining infected hepatocytes, thereby permitting the persisting virus to trigger a chronic indolent necroinflammatory liver disease that sets the stage for development of HCC. However, the mechanisms responsible for malignant transformation in chronic HBV infection are not well defined, and both viral and host factors have been implicated in the process. All cases of HCC occur after many years of chronic hepatitis which could, theoretically, provide the mitogenic and mutagenic environment to precipitate random genetic and chromosomal damage, and lead to the development of HCC. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), an important transforming inducer, plays a crucial role in HCC development. HBx has the capability to influence a variety of signal transduction pathways within the cells. Monitoring of the HBV genotypes and antibody to Hepatitis B x antigen (anti-HBx) are significant for predicting early diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and HCC. HBV and Hepatitis C virus or HIV coinfections can accelerate the course of chronic liver disease and facilitate progression to cirrhosis and HCC. As for therapy of liver diseases, five drugs are now FDA-approved for the treatment of HBV, including interferon (IFN), lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and peginterferon alfa-2a. Moreover, the prevention for HBV infection is very important. It is likely that the most important outcome of the research on HBV has been the invention, development, and application of the vaccine against HBV. However, at present most investigators focus on basic research rather than practical applications. The HBV research should be focused on animal models and clinical practice. The technology update in HBV research and the multisubject combination may be attached importance to next a few decades. Some molecular approaches, such as antisense, oligonucleotides, ribozymes, RNA interference targeting HBV mRNA, are available in antiviral therapies.

DKK 514.00

1

Intelligence in the American Civil War - Thomas Allen - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Though much has been written about the American Civil War itself, little has been written about the spy war that went on within. The chronicling of Civil War intelligence activities challenges historians because of the lack of records, the lack of access to records, and the questionable truth of other records. Judah P. Benjamin, the Confederacy''s Secretary of State, burned all the intelligence records he could find as federal troops entered Richmond. Union intelligence records were kept sealed in the National Archives until 1953. A few individuals involved in intelligence gathering burned their personal papers while others chose to publish their memoirs, though greatly embellishing their exploits. Even today, the identities of many spies remain secret. Henry Thomas Harrison, for example, was a Confederate spy whose intelligence set in motion the events that produced the battle of Gettysburg. But neither his first name nor details of his long career as a spy were known until 1986, when historian James O. Hall published an article about him. Though the idea of centralised intelligence gathering was decades away, the age-old resistance to the idea was present even then. Neither side saw the need to create such intelligence organisations, but each side approached the idea of effectively acquiring intelligence in their own way. The Confederacy''s Signal Corps, devoted primarily to communications and intercepts, included a covert agency, the Secret Service Bureau. This unit ran espionage and counter-espionage operations in the North. Late in the war, the bureau set up a secret headquarters in Canada and sent out operatives on covert missions in Northern states. The Union''s Bureau of Military Information, unlike the Confederacy''s Secret Service Bureau, operated for specific generals rather than for the Union Army itself. But here was born the idea of what would eventually become a centralised military intelligence division. Each side still used age-old intelligence techniques, such as code-breaking, deception, and covert surveillance. However, into this modern war came two innovations that would endure as tools of espionage: wiretapping and overhead reconnaissance. What follows is a look at some of the highlights of how the North and the South gathered and used their information, the important missions, and the personalities. From this special view, the focus is not on the battlefield, but on a battle of wits.

DKK 633.00

1

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The Effects and Performance Analysis of Non-linear Phase Noise in All Optical OFDM Systems - Iraj Sadegh Amiri - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc -

Dynamic Systems - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Optoelectronics in Measurement of Physical Magnitudes - V N Fedorinin - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Defense Genes in Tomato - Ross N Nazar - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Gyroscopes - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Crystal Violet - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Tumor Necrosis Factor - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Photonic Crystals - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Global War on Terrorism - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Global War on Terrorism - John Davis - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Taxing the Wealthy - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Personalized Medicine & the FDA's Emerging Role - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer - Marc Lacroix - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Personal Digital Archiving - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

A Comprehensive Guide to Lamb Waves - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Thiols - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Regucalcin - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

A Closer Look at Polyadenylation - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Emissivity - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Clock Synchronization & Navigation in the Vicinity of the Earth - Thomas B Bahder - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Optimization of Paced AV Delay Using Atrial Contribution Index - Jiri Kvasnicka - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Chemical Sensors - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Dipole-Quadrupole Theory of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering - A M Polubotko - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Hepatitis B Virus Research Focus - Lihong Ye - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Intelligence in the American Civil War - Thomas Allen - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

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