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SMART Integrated Circuit Design and Methodology

This book describes advanced flows and methodologies for the design and implementation of system-on-chip (SoC). It is written by a mixture of industrial experts and key academic professors and researchers. The intended audience is not only students but also engineers with system-on-chip and semiconductor background currently working in the semiconductor industry. Integrated Circuits are available in every electronic product especially in emerging market segments such as 5G mobile communications autonomous driving fully electrified vehicles and artificial intelligence. These product types require real-time processing at billions of operations per second. The development design cycle time is driving costs and time to market more than ever before. The traditional design methodologies have reached their limits and innovative solutions are essential to serve the emerging SoC design challenges. In the framework of the Circuit and System Society (CASS) Outreach Initiative 2022 call the SMART Integrated Circuits design methodology – named SMARTIC – Seasonal School was performed in November 2022 in Thessaloniki (Greece). Features Core analog circuits of any system of chip such as high-performance rectifiers and filters are addressed in detail together with their respective design methodology. New advanced methodologies towards design cycle speed up based on machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. Advanced analog design methodology based on gm/Id and lock up tables. A powerful flow for enabling fast time to market analog circuit design focusing on baseband circuits More exotic methodologies and applications with focus on digital-based analog processing in nanoscale CMOS ICs and the design and development of depleted monolithic active pixel sensors for high-radiation applications together with all the respective challenges of this application. | SMART Integrated Circuit Design and Methodology

Digital Filter Design and Realization

Analysis design and realization of digital filters have experienced major developments since the 1970s and have now become an integral part of the theory and practice in the field of contemporary digital signal processing. Digital Filter Design and Realization is written to present an up-to-date and comprehensive account of the analysis design and realization of digital filters. It is intended to be used as a text for graduate students as well as a reference book for practitioners in the field. Prerequisites for this book include basic knowledge of calculus linear algebra signal analysis and linear system theory. Technical topics discussed in the book include:Discrete-Time Systems and z-TransformationStability and Coefficient SensitivityState-Space ModelsFIR Digital Filter DesignFrequency-Domain Digital Filter DesignTime-Domain Digital Filter DesignInterpolated and Frequency-Response-Masking FIR Digital Filter DesignComposite Digital Filter DesignFinite Word Length EffectsCoefficient Sensitivity Analysis and MinimizationError Spectrum ShapingRoundoff Noise Analysis and MinimizationGeneralized Transposed Direct-Form IIBlock-State Realization

A First Course in Control System Design

Control systems are pervasive in our lives. Our homes have environmental controls. The appliances we use such as the washing machine microwave etc. carry embedded controllers in them. We fly in airplanes and drive automobiles that extensively use control systems. The industrial plants that produce consumer goods run on process control systems. The recent drive toward automation has increased our reliance on control systems technology. This book discusses control systems design from a model-based perspective for dynamic system models of single-input single-output type. The emphasis in this book is on understanding and applying the techniques that enable the design of effective control systems in multiple engineering disciplines. The book covers both time-domain and the frequency-domain design methods as well as controller design for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. MATLAB© and its Control Systems Toolbox are extensively used for design. | A First Course in Control System Design

Photonic Interconnects for Computing Systems Understanding and Pushing Design Challenges

In recent years there has been a considerable amount of effort both in industry and academia focusing on the design implementation performance analysis evaluation and prediction of silicon photonic interconnects for inter- and intra-chip communication paving the way for the design and dimensioning of the next and future generation of high-performance computing systems. Photonic Interconnects for Computing Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art technology and research achievements in employing silicon photonics for interconnection networks and high-performance computing summarizing main opportunities and some challenges. The majority of the chapters were collected from presentations made at the International Workshop on Optical/Photonic Interconnects for Computing Systems (OPTICS) held over the past two years. The workshop invites internationally recognized speakers on the range of topics relevant to silicon photonics and computing systems. Technical topics discussed in the book include:Design and Implementation of Chip-Scale Photonic Interconnects;Developing Design Automation Solutions for Chip-Scale Photonic Interconnects;Design Space Exploration in Chip-Scale Photonic Interconnects;Thermal Analysis and Modeling in Photonic Interconnects;Design for Reliability;Fabrication Non-Uniformity in Photonic Interconnects;Photonic Interconnects for Computing Systems presents a compilation of outstanding contributions from leading research groups in the field. It presents a comprehensive overview of the design advantages challenges and requirements of photonic interconnects for computing systems. The selected contributions present important discussions and approaches related to the design and development of novel photonic interconnect architectures as well as various design solutions to improve the performance of such systems while considering different challenges. The book is ideal for personnel in computer/photonic industries as well as academic staff and master/graduate students in computer science and engineering electronic engineering electrical engineering and photonics. | Photonic Interconnects for Computing Systems Understanding and Pushing Design Challenges

Low Power Circuit Design Using Advanced CMOS Technology

Low Power Circuit Design Using Advanced CMOS Technology is a summary of lectures from the first Advanced CMOS Technology Summer School (ACTS) 2017. The slides are selected from the handouts while the text was edited according to the lecturers talk. ACTS is a joint activity supported by the IEEE Circuit and System Society (CASS) and the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society (SSCS). The goal of the school is to provide society members as well researchers and engineers from industry the opportunity to learn about new emerging areas from leading experts in the field. ACTS is an example of high-level continuous education for junior engineers teachers in academe and students. ACTS was the results of a successful collaboration between societies the local chapter leaders and industry leaders. This summer school was the brainchild of Dr. Zhihua Wang with strong support from volunteers from both the IEEE SSCS and CASS. In addition the local companies Synopsys China and Beijing IC Park provided support. This first ACTS was held in the summer 2017 in Beijing. The lectures were given by academic researchers and industry experts who presented each 6-hour long lectures on topics covering process technology EDA skill and circuit and layout design skills. The school was hosted and organized by the CASS Beijing Chapter SSCS Beijing Chapter and SSCS Tsinghua Student Chapter. The co-chairs of the first ACTS were Dr. Milin Zhang Dr. Hanjun Jiang and Dr. Liyuan Liu. The first ACTS was a great success as illustrated by the many participants from all over China as well as by the publicity it has been received in various media outlets including Xinhua News one of the most popular news channels in China.

Circuit Design Considerations for Implantable Devices

Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems

Multirate Signal processing can improve system performance and reduce costs in applications ranging from laboratory instruments cable modems wireless systems satellites Radar Sonar and consumer entertainment products. This second edition continues to offer a systematic clear and intuitive introduction to multirate signal processing for working engineers and system designers. Significant new material and fresh concepts including Green Signal Processing techniques have been introduced. The author uses extensive examples and figures to illustrate a wide range of multirate techniques from basic resampling to leading-edge cascade and multi-stage filter structures. Along the way he draws on extensive research and consulting experience to introduce processing “tricks” shown to maximize performance and efficiency. Coverage includes:• Effect of sampling and resampling in time and frequency domains• Relationships between FIR filter specifications and filter length (# of taps)• Window design and equal-ripple (Remez) design techniques• Square-Root Nyquist and Half-band Filters including new enhancements• Polyphase FIR filters: up-sampling down-sampling• Polyphase M-path analysis and synthesis channelizers and cascade pairs• Polyphase interpolators for arbitrary sample rate changes• Dyadic half-band filters quadrature mirror filters• Channel banks for multiple arbitrary bandwidths and center frequencies • Comprehensive coverage of recursive all-pass filters and channelizers non-uniform and uniform phase mixed recursive and non-recursive• Comparisons with traditional DSP designs• Extensive applications coverage throughout | Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems

6G Visions for a Sustainable and People-centric Future From Communications to Services the CONASENSE Perspective

6G is currently under definition being often addressed from a plain telecommunications perspective as an evolutionary paradigm that represents an extension of 5G. Having as a horizon 2030 6G initiatives are being deployed across the globe to further ignite the development of 6G services. At its philosophical core 6G embodies the human in the loop principle. The research effort being developed towards 6G requires an interdisciplinary approach that ignites discussion across different key technological sectors ranging from communications up to services and business cases. The contributions of this book to research in the field concern an evolutionary and interdisciplinary design of 6G as a paradigm that can be addressed by working together four different computational areas: communications; satellites and navigation; sensing; services. The book is derived from initial brainstorming that was developed during the 11th CONASENSE Symposium held in October 2021 in fortiss Munich Germany. Several international experts contribute to an overview of 6G key challenges new networking trends and challenges to be overcome and advanced 6G services. The book starts with a perspective on 6G challenges and use-cases beyond the 2030 horizon to then continue to address the role of non-terrestrial networks and cognitive service-centric satellite networks in future 6G services. Still with focus on 6G adaptive networking the book continues with a debate on the need to integrate social awareness based on an interdisciplinary approach in network operations. Then specific examples of advanced services (quantum imaging and holography; localization of the Internet of remote things) are discussed. The book is therefore intended to assist in developing critical thinking to back up novel networking applications and services towards 6G. | 6G Visions for a Sustainable and People-centric Future From Communications to Services the CONASENSE Perspective

Manager's Guide to Preventive Building Maintenance

This book is a comprehensive guide for developing an effective preventive maintenance program for any facility. Topics include facility inspection and assessment effective lubrication practices commercial roofing repair indoor air quality management applicable government codes standards and regulations detailed preventive maintenance procedures and maintenance scheduling. Specific maintenance approaches are examined for more than 100 types of equipment and building components. Also discussed are the economic value of preventive maintenance management and motivation of the preventive maintenance team and setting up a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS). | Manager's Guide to Preventive Building Maintenance

Handbook of Energy Engineering

With new chapters on electrical system optimization and ISO 50001 this edition also covers the latest updates to codes and standards in the energy industry. Also included are chapters on energy economic analysis energy auditing waste heat recovery utility system optimization HVAC cogeneration control systems energy management compressed air system optimization and financing energy projects. Additional topics include emerging technologies such as oxy-fuel combustion high efficiency burners enhanced heat exchangers and ceramic membranes for heat recovery as well as information on how to do an energy analysis of any system; electrical system optimization; state-of-the-art lighting and lighting controls. This reference will guide you step by step in applying the principles of energy engineering and management to the design of electrical HVAC utility process and building systems for both new design and retrofit projects. The text is thoroughly illustrated with tables graphs diagrams and sample problems. | Handbook of Energy Engineering

Compressor Handbook Principles and Practice

This book provides a practical introduction to dynamic and positive displacement compressors including compressor performance operation and problem awareness. In reading this book readers will learn what is needed to select operate and troubleshoot compressors. Complete with real-life case histories the book demonstrates investigative techniques for identifying and isolating various contributing causes including design deficiencies manufacturing defects adverse environmental conditions operating errors and intentional or unintentional changes of the machinery process that usually precede failure. | Compressor Handbook Principles and Practice

Understanding Communications Systems Principles—A Tutorial Approach

Wireless communications and sensing systems are nowadays ubiquitous; cell phones and automotive radars typifying two of the most familiar examples. This book introduces the field by addressing its fundamental principles proceeding from its very beginnings up to today's emerging technologies related to the fifth-generation wireless systems (5G) Multi-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) connectivity and Aerospace/Electronic Warfare Radar. The tone is tutorial. Problems are included at the end of each chapter to facilitate the understanding and assimilation of the material to electrical engineering undergraduate/graduate students and beginning and non-specialist professionals. Free temporary access to Keysight's SystemVue system simulation is provided to further enhance reader learning through hands-on tutorial exercises. Chapter 1 introduces wireless communications and sensing and in particular how curiosity-driven scientific research led to the foundation of the field. Chapter 2 presents a brief introduction to the building blocks that make up wireless systems. Chapter 3 focuses on developing an understanding of the performance parameters that characterize a wireless system. Chapter 4 deals with circuit topologies for modulation and detection. In chapter 5 we cover the fundamental transmitter and receiver systems architectures that enable the transmission of information at precise frequencies and their reception from among a rather large multitude of other signals present in space. Chapter 6 introduces 5G its motivation and its development and adoption challenges for providing unprecedented levels of highest speed wireless connectivity. Chapter 7 takes on the topic of MIMO its justification and its various architectures. Chapter 8 addresses the topic of aerospace/electronic warfare radar and finally Chapter 9 presents three Tutorials utilizing the SystemVue simulation tool. | Understanding Communications Systems Principles—A Tutorial Approach

A Holter for Parkinson’s Disease Motor Symptoms: STAT-On

A new information and communication technology (ICT) has been deployed in the battle against Parkinson’s disease a neurodegenerative disorder that is both progressive and disabling with significant impact on quality of life. This book explains the experience following from the achieved results in the REMPARK project on Parkinson’s disease management up to the launch of a new medical product to the European market STAT-ON™. The new medical device STAT-ON™ is a real Holter for the motor symptoms associated to PD. It provides objective information about the severity and distribution of PD motor symptoms and their fluctuations in daily life allowing for an unbiased and correct monitoring of the patient. This real-time remote monitoring solution gives additional information to neurologists opening up new possibilities for more effective treatment more accurate control in clinical trials and for early detection of motor complications. The number of PD patients is continuously rising adding complexity especially in the management at the level of public health. It is an incurable disease with a symptomatic treatment that tries to alleviate the associated symptoms through a correct adjustment of the medication. For this reason it is also very important to be aware of changes in the manifestation of the symptoms which may indicate the need for an adjustment or even a change in the therapy strategy. The intensive complementary use of STAT-ON™ by neurologists health professionals and researchers will increase the independence and quality of life of patients improving their disease management and contributing to a deeper understanding of the nature of the disease. The Open Access version of this book available at http://www. taylorfrancis. com has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC)] 4. 0 license. | A Holter for Parkinson’s Disease Motor Symptoms: STAT-On™

Remote Patient Monitoring: A Computational Perspective in Healthcare

This book provides a multidisciplinary overview of the design and implementation of systems for remote patient monitoring and healthcare. Readers are guided through the components of such a system and shown how they could be integrated into a coherent framework for deployment in practice. The book ends with a discussion of case studies to provide practical examples and design methods for remote healthcare systems with different needs. This book contains information that will be helpful to undergraduate and postgraduate students academic and professional researchers and individuals who employ computational intelligence. By presenting new models of care and support AI in medicine is having an impact on the entire value chain of clinical practice and the patient care delivery system. This is especially evident in telemedicine breakthroughs where applications of AI are utilized to assist complement or create new forms of remote healthcare. Through the use of communications technology telemedicine enables medical professionals to examine diagnose and treat patients remotely. Now the technology might also integrate online diagnostics etc. to increase the effectiveness of the healthcare system and enhance patient outcomes. By enabling elderly people to live independently technological advancements in fields like remote patient monitoring (RPM) systems can revolutionize senior care. Medical diagnosis will improve and remote patient monitoring will become simpler thanks to artificial intelligence. The resistance of many patients and doctors to using the telemedicine idea for medical visits will probably be overcome by AI automation. | Remote Patient Monitoring: A Computational Perspective in Healthcare

Advanced Lighting Controls Energy Savings Productivity Technology and Applications

First published in 2005. Advanced Lighting Controls is edited by Craig DiLouie and written for engineers architects lighting designers electrical contractors distributors and building owners and managers. Advanced lighting controls indicated by research as the next big thing are now mandated by the ASHRAE/IES 91. 1-1999 energy standard the basis for all state energy codes in the U. S. and are becoming the norm rather than the exception in new construction. This book provides in-depth information about the major trends technologies codes and design techniques shaping the use of today's lighting control systems including dimming automatic switching and global as well as personal control. | Advanced Lighting Controls Energy Savings Productivity Technology and Applications

Direct Nerve Stimulation for Induction of Sensation and Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain

The amputation of a limb is a surgical intervention used as a last resort to remove irreparably damaged diseased or congenitally malformed limbs where retention of the limb is a threat to the well-being of the individual. The procedure traumatically alters the body image but often leaves sensations that refer to the missing body part the phantom limb. In 50-80% of cases these sensations are perceived as painful and referred to as ‘Phantom Limb Pain’. Direct Nerve Stimulation for Induction of Sensation and Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain provides an overview of research experiences and results for the design development and test of hardware and software components and the ambition to safely implant and evaluate a novel neural interface system to combat phantom limb pain in an amputee volunteer subject.

Modulation Theory

In recent years a considerable amount of effort has been devoted both in industry and academia towards the design performance analysis and evaluation of modulation schemes to be used in wireless and optical networks towards the development of the next and future generations of mobile cellular communication systems. Modulation Theory is intended to serve as a complementary textbook for courses dealing with Modulation Theory or Communication Systems but also as a professional book for engineers who need to update their knowledge in the communications area. The modulation aspects presented in the book use modern concepts of stochastic processes such as autocorrelation and power spectrum density which are novel for undergraduate texts or professional books and provides a general approach for the theory with real life results applied to professional design. This text is suitable for the undergraduate as well as the initial graduate levels of Electrical Engineering courses and is useful for the professional who wants to review or get acquainted with the a modern exposition of the modulation theory. The books covers signal representations for most known waveforms Fourier analysis and presents an introduction to Fourier transform and signal spectrum including the concepts of convolution autocorrelation and power spectral density for deterministic signals. It introduces the concepts of probability random variables and stochastic processes including autocorrelation cross-correlation power spectral and cross-spectral densities for random signals and their applications to the analysis of linear systems. This chapter also includes the response of specific non-linear systems such as power amplifiers. The book presents amplitude modulation with random signals including analog and digital signals and discusses performance evaluation methods presents quadrature amplitude modulation using random signals. Several modulation schemes are discussed including SSB QAM ISB C-QUAM QPSK and MSK. Their autocorrelation and power spectrum densities are computed. A thorough discussion on angle modulation with random modulating signals along with frequency and phase modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is provided. Their power spectrum densities are computed using the Wiener-Khintchin theorem.

Cellular Network Planning

Over the recent years few books have been published covering all the subjects needed to understand the very fundamental concepts of cell planning. Most books which deal with this topic are destined to very specific audiences and the vast majority introduce the subject at a very basic or technical level or are destined to an academic audience. Cellular Network Planning begins with an introduction to the subject covering conventional and contemporary wireless systems. Spectral allocation and the frequency plan are discussed along with the essential characteristics of wireless systems. The design of mobile cellular systems includes cell planning traffic and channel problems. The book presents a review of existing models considering both green field dimensioning and network expansion strategies and discusses multi-objective optimization and base station deployment based on artificial immune systems. It also discusses a cost-effective base station deployment approach based on artificial immune systems and introduces the modified MO-AIS algorithm.

Building the Future Internet through FIRE a Research and Experimentation based Approach

The Internet as we know it today is the result of a continuous activity for improving network communications end user services computational processes and also information technology infrastructures. The Internet has become a critical infrastructure for the human-being by offering complex networking services and end-user applications that all together have transformed all aspects mainly economical of our lives. Recently with the advent of new paradigms and the progress in wireless technology sensor networks and information systems and also the inexorable shift towards everything connected paradigm first as known as the Internet of Things and lately envisioning into the Internet of Everything a data-driven society has been created. In a data-driven society productivity knowledge and experience are dependent on increasingly open dynamic interdependent and complex Internet services. The challenge for the Internet of the Future design is to build robust enabling technologies implement and deploy adaptive systems to create business opportunities considering increasing uncertainties and emergent systemic behaviors where humans and machines seamlessly cooperate. | Building the Future Internet through FIRE a Research and Experimentation based Approach

Linear Electronics

A considerable amount of effort has been devoted both in industry and academia towards the design performance analysis and evaluation of amplification schemes and filters to be used in control systems audio/video equipment instrumentation and communication systems. This book is intended to serve as a complementary textbook for courses dealing with Linear Amplification but also as a professional book for engineers who need to update their knowledge in the electronics control and communications areas. The book is suitable for the undergraduate as well as the initial graduate levels of Electrical Engineering courses and is useful for the professional who wants to review or get acquainted with amplification theory. The book presents essential concepts in plain language and covers the most important applications of amplifier circuits. The book has four appendices an appendix to detail the operational amplifier model an appendix with specification data sheets an appendix on Fourier transform and signal spectrum including the concepts of convolution autocorrelation and power spectral density for deterministic signals and a final one that presents and explains the usual electronics acronyms. | Linear Electronics

Electric and Electronic Circuit Simulation using TINA-TI

A circuit simulator is a computer program that permits us to see circuit behavior i. e. circuit voltages and currents without making the circuit. Use of a circuit simulator is a cheap efficient and safe way to study the behavior of circuits. The Toolkit for Interactive Network Analysis (TINA®) is a powerful yet affordable SPICE based circuit simulation and PCB design software package for analyzing designing and real time testing of analog digital VHDL MCU and mixed electronic circuits and their PCB layouts. This software was created by DesignSoft. TINA-TI is a spinoff software program that was designed by Texas Instruments (TI®) in cooperation with DesignSoft which incorporates a library of pre-made TI components for the user to utilize in their designs. This book shows how a circuit can be analyzed in the TINA-TI® environment. Students of engineering (for instance electrical biomedical mechatronics and robotics to name a few) engineers who work in the industry and anyone who wants to learn the art of circuit simulation with TINA-TI can benefit from this book. | Electric and Electronic Circuit Simulation using TINA-TI®

FM-UWB Transceivers for Autonomous Wireless Systems

Significant research effort has been devoted to the study and realization of autonomous wireless systems for wireless sensor and personal-area networking the internet of things and machine-to-machine communications. Low-power RF integrated circuits an energy harvester and a power management circuit are fundamental elements of these systems. An FM-UWB Transceiver for Autonomous Wireless Systems presents state-of-the-art developments in low-power FM-UWB transceiver realizations. The design performance and implementation of prototype transceivers in CMOS technology are presented. A working hardware realization of an autonomous node that includes a prototype power management circuit is also proposed and detailed in this book. Technical topics include: Low-complexity FM-UWB modulation schemesLow-power FM-UWB transceiver prototypes in CMOS technologyCMOS on-chip digital calibration techniquesSolar power harvester and power management in CMOS for low-power RF circuitsAn FM-UWB Transceiver for Autonomous Wireless Systems is an ideal text and reference for engineers working in wireless communication industries as well as academic staff and graduate students engaged in electrical engineering and communication systems research. | FM-UWB Transceivers for Autonomous Wireless Systems

The Component A Personal Odyssey towards Another Normal

The Component: A Personal Odyssey towards Another Normal is the Oosterhuis' personal account of four decades of architectural and societal thinking designing building and theorizing. It is an orchestrated yet non-linear series of subjects all leading toward the creation of a parallel world called Another Normal. Another Normal is as of now a hypothetical parallel world. Nomadic international citizens are the inhabitants of Another Normal. Urged by the climate crisis the food energy and water nexus and the COVID-19 pandemic Another Normal demonstrates the inevitable data-driven techno-social architecture of the physically built environment and the metaverse. Besides robotic production on demand of almost anything – when where and as needed – Oosterhuis' proposes a dozen strategies that run in parallel to establish Another Normal among others: ubiquitous basic income global birthright to own a generous piece of land distributed production of healthy food clean energy and drinking water ownership of private data and personal avatars in the Web 3. 0 autonomous electronic transportation ubiquitous shared responsibility for clean production and waste treatment techniques ubiquitous home delivery working from anywhere for any period of time and decentralized real-time peer to peer banking. The organic real and the synthetic hyper-real co-evolve naturally in Another Normal where a mix of strong and simple legislative planning and design rules create complexity diversity fairness and equality. | The Component A Personal Odyssey towards Another Normal

Bringing Forth Prosperity Capacity Innovation in Africa

Path to Capacity Innovation: An Africa-MNC Strategic Alliance a policy framework is advanced proposing a strategic alliance between African countries -represented by NEPAD- and the multinational corporation with input from the NGO and couched upon an NEPAD-MNC-NGO cross-fertilizing integrative structure. Capacity innovation is the key to Africa's transformation: with the appropriate catalysts innovation and transformation are but a matter of time in gestation. The first of two major catalysts necessary to prompting this change so long sought by Africans came at the adoption of the New Partnership for Africa's Development. It is one of the most profound collaborations of African Heads of State. The second catalyst is proposed in this work in the form of the multinational corporation as change agent for the innovation process working in alliance with NEPAD as Africa's spokesperson for innovation. The policy framework for African capacity innovation is the material product along with discourse for redress of corruption and security policy narrative for protecting the assets of multinational corporations. Bringing Forth Prosperity: Capacity Innovation in Africa questions capital theory as a development construct and an appropriate platform upon which sustained capacity innovation in Africa may emerge; explores Africa's road to modernity in the context of selected development constructs and assesses capacity innovation from a top down-bottom up perspective purposely to serve as backdrop to the Africa-MNC strategic alliance framework; constructs country capacity ID to identify internal resources available to African countries to support capacity innovation; conceptualizes the Africa-MNC strategic alliance to convey a capacity innovation philosophy; articulates an African capacity innovation policy framework to guide the Alliance through a series of actions designed to prompt innovation activity and set the continent on a course to sustained transformation; and articulates a scheme to protect assets -human and physical- derived through the Africa-MNC strategic alliance. | Bringing Forth Prosperity Capacity Innovation in Africa

Grounding Electrical Distribution Systems

The first concern and the most important reason for proper grounding techniques are to protect people from the effects of ground-faults and lightning. Creating an effective ground-fault current path to assure the operation of overcurrent protective devices on solidly grounded systems and to limit the voltage-rise on equipment frames during fault condition is of paramount importance. The next concern is building and equipment protection. In this case providing low impedance bonding and grounding paths between the system source the electrical service and downstream equipment will serve to limit hazardous voltages due to faults and especially lightning A low resistance-to-ground system will serve to limit the voltage rise on systems and equipment. But of equal importance is the length of the grounding electrode conductor. It is critical to limit the length of this conductor due to the increased impedance of lightning currents. And finally a properly installed grounding system will minimize the effects of electrical noise on sensitive circuits and stabilize the voltage-to-ground during normal operation. This volume has extensive information on grounding electrical systems and equipment. This information includes the following topics: System Grounding Equipment Grounding Bonding The Grounding Electrode System Solidly Grounded Systems Impedance Grounded Systems Grounding Separately-Derived Systems Calculating Ground-Fault Currents Conductor Insulation Withstand Ratings Conductor Fusing or Melting Currents Functional Grounding Lightning Protection Readership: Anyone involved with designing a proper grounding system that will serve to protect people and equipment from the effects of ground faults and lightning. And to design a proper grounding system for special applications including Solar and Wind Powered Systems. | Grounding Electrical Distribution Systems